Book Reviews : PETER GOODRICH, Languages of Law: From Logics of Memory to Nomadic Masks. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1990
In: Social & legal studies: an international journal, Band 2, Heft 3, S. 361-367
ISSN: 1461-7390
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In: Social & legal studies: an international journal, Band 2, Heft 3, S. 361-367
ISSN: 1461-7390
In: Children & young people now, Band 2022, Heft 5, S. 15-15
ISSN: 2515-7582
In: Social & legal studies: an international journal, Band 7, Heft 3, S. 365-387
ISSN: 1461-7390
The article explores the construction of Female Circumcision as the epitome of the challenge of cultural pluralism to universal human rights within human rights peda gogy. Three particular features of this construction are investigated. First, the horror of the practice seems to render other challenges invisible. As a result, it appears that the west is the place of normality, and other peoples have instead 'culture and tra dition'. Second, it is sited in a mythical 'Africa', fixed as one place and one time, with one 'victim', which includes not only the 'passive child' but also the 'dangerous African seductress'. Third, the pedagogic construction implicitly relies on the notion of the west's rational and autonomous human being. Among the many possibilities for discussion here, the article focuses on the two most significant to the argument: the child and the body. The article concludes that the pedagogic construction of Female Circumcision undermines the whole enterprise of gaining a deeper under standing of cultural pluralism and universalism. Incorporating discussion of body practices common in the west, including male circumcision, equally presents the danger of creating simple 'objects of study'. A way forward is consciously to seek in the classroom the multilayered awareness which is necessary to recognize our own limitations.
In: Land use policy: the international journal covering all aspects of land use, Band 20, Heft 4, S. 323-333
ISSN: 0264-8377
In: The Australian yearbook of international law, Band 35, Heft 1, S. 243-306
ISSN: 2666-0229
Funder: Victorian Cancer Agency ; Funder: NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre ; Funder: Cancer Research UK ; Funder: Cancer Council Tasmania ; Funder: Instituto de Salud Carlos III ; Funder: Cancer Australia ; Funder: NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre ; Funder: Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer ; Funder: Cancer Council South Australia ; Funder: Swedish Cancer Society ; Funder: NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre ; Funder: Institut Català de la Salut ; Funder: Cancer Council Victoria ; Funder: Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia ; Funder: National Institutes of Health ; BACKGROUND: Lynch syndrome is a rare familial cancer syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2, that cause predisposition to various cancers, predominantly colorectal and endometrial cancer. Data are emerging that pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes increase the risk of early-onset aggressive prostate cancer. The IMPACT study is prospectively assessing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in men with germline mismatch repair pathogenic variants. Here, we report the usefulness of PSA screening, prostate cancer incidence, and tumour characteristics after the first screening round in men with and without these germline pathogenic variants. METHODS: The IMPACT study is an international, prospective study. Men aged 40-69 years without a previous prostate cancer diagnosis and with a known germline pathogenic variant in the MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 gene, and age-matched male controls who tested negative for a familial pathogenic variant in these genes were recruited from 34 genetic and urology clinics in eight countries, and underwent a baseline PSA screening. Men who had a PSA level higher than 3·0 ng/mL were offered a transrectal, ultrasound-guided, prostate biopsy and a histopathological analysis was done. All participants are undergoing a minimum of 5 years' annual screening. The primary endpoint was to determine the incidence, stage, and pathology of screening-detected prostate cancer in carriers of pathogenic variants compared with non-carrier controls. We used Fisher's exact test to compare the number of cases, cancer incidence, and positive predictive values of the PSA cutoff and biopsy between carriers and non-carriers and the differences between disease types (ie, cancer vs no cancer, clinically significant cancer vs no cancer). We assessed screening outcomes and tumour characteristics by pathogenic variant status. Here we present results from the first round of PSA screening in the IMPACT study. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00261456, and is now closed to accrual. FINDINGS: Between Sept 28, 2012, and March 1, 2020, 828 men were recruited (644 carriers of mismatch repair pathogenic variants [204 carriers of MLH1, 305 carriers of MSH2, and 135 carriers of MSH6] and 184 non-carrier controls [65 non-carriers of MLH1, 76 non-carriers of MSH2, and 43 non-carriers of MSH6]), and in order to boost the sample size for the non-carrier control groups, we randomly selected 134 non-carriers from the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cohort of the IMPACT study, who were included in all three non-carrier cohorts. Men were predominantly of European ancestry (899 [93%] of 953 with available data), with a mean age of 52·8 years (SD 8·3). Within the first screening round, 56 (6%) men had a PSA concentration of more than 3·0 ng/mL and 35 (4%) biopsies were done. The overall incidence of prostate cancer was 1·9% (18 of 962; 95% CI 1·1-2·9). The incidence among MSH2 carriers was 4·3% (13 of 305; 95% CI 2·3-7·2), MSH2 non-carrier controls was 0·5% (one of 210; 0·0-2·6), MSH6 carriers was 3·0% (four of 135; 0·8-7·4), and none were detected among the MLH1 carriers, MLH1 non-carrier controls, and MSH6 non-carrier controls. Prostate cancer incidence, using a PSA threshold of higher than 3·0 ng/mL, was higher in MSH2 carriers than in MSH2 non-carrier controls (4·3% vs 0·5%; p=0·011) and MSH6 carriers than MSH6 non-carrier controls (3·0% vs 0%; p=0·034). The overall positive predictive value of biopsy using a PSA threshold of 3·0 ng/mL was 51·4% (95% CI 34·0-68·6), and the overall positive predictive value of a PSA threshold of 3·0 ng/mL was 32·1% (20·3-46·0). INTERPRETATION: After the first screening round, carriers of MSH2 and MSH6 pathogenic variants had a higher incidence of prostate cancer compared with age-matched non-carrier controls. These findings support the use of targeted PSA screening in these men to identify those with clinically significant prostate cancer. Further annual screening rounds will need to confirm these findings. FUNDING: Cancer Research UK, The Ronald and Rita McAulay Foundation, the National Institute for Health Research support to Biomedical Research Centres (The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford; Manchester and the Cambridge Clinical Research Centre), Mr and Mrs Jack Baker, the Cancer Council of Tasmania, Cancer Australia, Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia, Cancer Council of Victoria, Cancer Council of South Australia, the Victorian Cancer Agency, Cancer Australia, Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia, Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), the Institut Català de la Salut, Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Swedish Cancer Society, General Hospital in Malmö Foundation for Combating Cancer.
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