The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (review)
In: Journal of world history: official journal of the World History Association, Volume 22, Issue 4, p. 836-840
ISSN: 1527-8050
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In: Journal of world history: official journal of the World History Association, Volume 22, Issue 4, p. 836-840
ISSN: 1527-8050
In: The Journal of the history of childhood and youth, Volume 4, Issue 2, p. 330-333
ISSN: 1941-3599
In: Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 4, p. 508
In: Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 124
In: Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 2, p. 275
In: Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 3, Issue 3, p. 129
In: Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 3, Issue 2, p. 136
In: The round table: the Commonwealth journal of international affairs, Issue 277, p. 39-52
ISSN: 0035-8533
World Affairs Online
In: The round table: the Commonwealth journal of international affairs, Volume 70, Issue 277, p. 39-52
ISSN: 1474-029X
In: International journal of law libraries: IJLL ; the official publication of the International Association of Law Libraries, Volume 6, Issue 1, p. 105-106
ISSN: 2626-1316
In: The Western political quarterly, Volume 19, Issue 4, p. 747
ISSN: 1938-274X
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Volume 30, Issue 19, p. 55730-55741
ISSN: 1614-7499
Abstract
Vanadium (V) is a transition metal that is found in low concentrations in aquatic ecosystems. These levels increase due to anthropogenic activities. The mortality and teratogenicity effects of V remain unexplored in amphibian species. To address this gap in the knowledge base, a standard Frog Embryo Teratogenic Index – Xenopus (FETAX) assessment was conducted. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was chosen for its known toxicity in other aquatic biota and its solubility in water. A range-finding test was conducted in two different mediums, V2O5 in distilled water (VDH2O) and V2O5 in FETAX medium (VMED), to determine concentration ranges where effects occurred. Thereafter, definitive tests were conducted using two separate breeding pairs, with two replicate dishes per concentration containing 15 embryos each. Multiple endpoints were assessed including mortality, malformations, minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG), and the teratogenic index (TI). Mortality and malformation effects occurred at different ranges, and therefore, the exposures were conducted in low dose and high dose ranges. The high dose range for mortality effects was conducted at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/L of V. The low dose exposures to assess malformation effects were conducted at 0.0001, 0.00025, 0.0005, 0.00075, and 0.001 mg/L. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the LC50 and EC50 for the two sets of definitive tests. The LC50s were determined to be 46.10 mg/L and 26.91 mg/L for VDH2O and 34.50 and 25.25 for VMED for the two breeding pairs respectively. The EC50 was calculated as 0.00053 mg/L and 0.00037 mg/L for VDH2O and 0.00036 mg/L and 0.00017 mg/L for VMED for the two definitive tests respectively. The TI was calculated as 86,981 and 72,729 for VDH2O and 95,833 and 148,526 for VMED. Ultimately, there were severe malformation effects in embryos exposed to low doses of V and V was determined to be a very strong teratogen.
In: Third world quarterly, Volume 10, Issue 1, p. 392-433
ISSN: 1360-2241