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What is the role of the environment, and of the information it provides, in cognition? More specifically, may there be a role for certain artefacts to play in this context? These are questions that motivate "4E" theories of cognition (as being embodied, embedded, extended, enactive). In his take on that family of views, Hajo Greif first defends and refines a concept of information as primarily natural, environmentally embedded in character, which had been eclipsed by information-processing views of cognition. He continues with an inquiry into the cognitive bearing of some artefacts that are sometimes referred to as 'intelligent environments'. Without necessarily having much to do with Artificial Intelligence, such artefacts may ultimately modify our informational environments. With respect to human cognition, the most notable effect of digital computers is not that they might be able, or become able, to think but that they alter the way we perceive, think and act. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781315401867, has been made available under a Creative Commons CC-BY licence - Vor dem Hintergrund philosophischer und kognitionswissenschaftlicher Betrachtungen des Denkens als verkörpertem, erweitertem, umwelt- und handlungsgebundenem Prozess wird zunächst ein Konzept von Information als primär natürliche, objektive Beziehung in der Umwelt verteidigt und eine Theorie "informationaler Umwelten" entwickelt. In einem zweiten Schritt werden sogenannte "intelligente Umwelten" als Paradigma der technologischen Formbarkeit solcher informationaler Umwelten untersucht. Anders als im Fall der klassischen Künstlichen Intelligenz liegt der bemerkenswerteste mögliche Effekt dieser Technologien weniger darin, dass sie selbst denkfähig wären oder werden könnten, sondern dass sie die Art und Weise verändern, auf welche Menschen wahrnehmen, denken und handeln.

Die neueren Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien zeichnen sich durch immer st rker vernetzte, dezentrale Strukturen aus. Zugleich wird Vernetzung im Sinne dezentral und flexibel organisierter Systeme auch eine immer bedeutsamere Metapher f r gesellschaftliche Organisationsprozesse. In diesem Band, der sowohl sozial- als auch technikwissenschaftliche Perspektiven umfasst, wird den Verbindungen zwischen technischen und sozialen Netzwerkkonzepten nachgegangen und deren wechselseitige Beeinflussung untersucht

Abstract
This article takes issue with Kuhn's description of the 'Aristotle experience,' an event that took place in 1947 and that he retrospectively characterized as a revelation that instantly delivered to him the key concepts of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). We trace a certain transformation of this narrative over time: whereas it commenced from a description of his impression of disparity between the textbook image of science and the study of historical sources, Kuhn started to characterize it as a revelation after learning of the English translation of Fleck's 1935 Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache. This book anticipates many central Kuhnian claims. Kuhn read it as early as 1949, but never fully acknowledged it as a source of inspiration. We discuss four hypotheses concerning the possible influence of Fleck's theory on Kuhn's in light of the available evidence. We conclude that the degree of similarity between them is too great to be coincidental.

Taking a fresh view on Wittgenstein's apparent ethical skepticism, many contributions to this volume explore the reach of what can be said in ethical terms, while others provide critical discussions of what is being said in various fields of applied ethics and political philosophy under real-world power relations. This volume collects invited contributions from the 35th International Wittgenstein Symposium 2012 in Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria

Main description: Taking a fresh view on Wittgenstein's apparent ethical skepticism, many contributions to this volume explore the reach of what can be said in ethical terms, while others provide critical discussions of what is being said in various fields of applied ethics and political philosophy under real-world power relations. This volume collects invited contributions from the 35th International Wittgenstein Symposium 2012 in Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria.