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This book explores the role of caravan transport and human porterage in the colony of German East Africa (present-day mainland Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi). With caravan mobility being of pivotal importance to colonial rule during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the exploration of vernacular transport and its governance during this period sheds new light on the trajectories of colonial statehood. The author addresses key questions such as the African resilience to colonial interventions, the issue of labor recruitment, and the volatility of colonial infrastructure. This book unveils a fundamental contradiction in the way that German administrators dealt with precolonial modes of transport in East Africa. While colonizers championed for the abolishment of caravan transport, they strongly depended on porters in the absence of pack animals or railways. To bring this contradiction to the fore, the author studies the shifting role of caravans in East Africa during the era of 'high imperialism.' Uncovering the extent to which porters and caravan entrepreneurs challenged and shaped colonial policymaking, this book provides an insightful read for historians studying German Empire and African history, as well as those interested in the history of transport and infrastructure

This book explores the role of caravan transport and human porterage in the colony of German East Africa (present-day mainland Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi). With caravan mobility being of pivotal importance to colonial rule during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the exploration of vernacular transport and its governance during this period sheds new light on the trajectories of colonial statehood. The author addresses key questions such as the African resilience to colonial interventions, the issue of labor recruitment, and the volatility of colonial infrastructure. This book unveils a fundamental contradiction in the way that German administrators dealt with precolonial modes of transport in East Africa. While colonizers championed for the abolishment of caravan transport, they strongly depended on porters in the absence of pack animals or railways. To bring this contradiction to the fore, the author studies the shifting role of caravans in East Africa during the era of high imperialism. Uncovering the extent to which porters and caravan entrepreneurs challenged and shaped colonial policymaking, this book provides an insightful read for historians studying German Empire and African history, as well as those interested in the history of transport and infrastructure. Andreas Greiner is a research fellow in global and transregional history at the German Historical Institute Washington (GHI), in the USA.. Before joining the GHI, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Max Weber Program at the European University Institute in Florence and a research assistant for the Chair of Modern History at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich). .

AbstractEmission of microplastics (MP) to the atmosphere, airborne transport, and subsequent deposition are now recognized. However, the temporal and spatial resolution of data on MP pollution and knowledge of their atmospheric behaviour and fate is still very limited. Hence, we investigated MP wet and dry deposition in Central Germany and examined the role of weather conditions on MP contamination levels. Monthly samples of dry and wet deposition were taken over an eight-month period (05/2019-12/2019) and analysed by micro-Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (µFTIR) down to 11 μm particle size and one dry deposition sample was subjected to Raman analysis to determine plastic particles down to a size of 0.5 μm. MP in a size range from 11 μm to 130 μm were detected in all wet deposition samples and in 4 out of 8 dry deposition samples by µFTIR. Polypropylene particles were found most frequently and accounted for 62% and 54% of all particles in wet and dry deposition samples, respectively. Over the eight-month period, wet deposition of MP slightly dominated at the study site and comprised 59% of the total MP deposition. The MP mean total (wet + dry) deposition flux (DF) was 17 ± 14 MP m− 2 day− 1. Extensive Raman analyses of an exemplary dry deposition sample revealed additional plastic particles in the extended size range from 1 to 10 μm resulting in a deposition flux of 207 MP m− 2 day− 1. Our results suggest that MP analysis by µFTIR down to 11 μm may underestimate DF at least by an order of magnitude. More comprehensive studies on submicron plastics and nanoplastics are needed to fully assess air pollution by plastic particles.

Frontmatter -- Inhalt -- Danksagung -- Einleitung -- THEORIE UND PRAXIS -- Von unbewegten Bewegern, Muschellasten, Notenständern, gesattelten Menschen und Exoskeletten Methodisch-theoretische Überlegungen zur Geschichte des kolonialen Trägerwesens -- Fotoausstellung "Der Träger in der Kolonialzeit" Bericht von einer Expedition ins Land der Fotografie -- TRÄGER IN SÜDAMERIKA -- Narrative der Träger Die Konstruktionen von Hierarchien in Amerika von der Conquista bis in das 19. Jahrhundert in deutschsprachigen Quellen -- Vertikale Trage-Maschinen als Kritik an der traditionellen Kolonialfotografie Zu christologischen Anspielungen in Sebastião Salgados Fotoband Serra pelada -- TRÄGER IN OSTAFRIKA UND IM INDISCHEN OZEAN -- Mori Duise oder Fragmente einer afrikanischen Trägergeschichte -- Träger-Arbeiten Die Zirkulation kolonialer Dinge und Bilder der Tendaguru-Expedition (1909-1913) -- Permanente Krisen -- "Mancherlei habe ich von ihnen gelernt" Beziehungen zwischen deutschen Forschern und einheimischen Trägern in Ostafrika und auf der Insel La Réunion in den Jahren um 1860 -- TRÄGER IN WEST-, ZENTRAL- UND SÜDWESTAFRIKA -- Vom Träger zum Getragenen: Das Trägerwesen im (vor-)kolonialen und postkolonialen Afrika am Beispiel Kamerun -- Für eine Kulturgeschichte des Trägers Anthropologische Repräsentationen und diskursive Praktiken in Berichten französischer Reisenden in Zentralafrika -- Lastentragen, antikoloniale Revolten und Repressionen in Logone und Schari (1957-1961) -- "Ach, wäre ich doch Pygmäe!" Die Figur des Babinga-Trägers in Le silence de la forêt von Bassek ba Kobhio -- Das Lastentragen im heutigen Afrika - vom weltlichen zum heiligen Tragen Einige persönliche Beobachtungen -- Deutsch-Südwestafrika: "Der Träger" - mal ganz anders -- TRÄGER IN AFRIKA ALLGEMEIN -- "... von Trägern und Askari - Heia Safari!" - Herrschaft und Begehren im deutschen Kolonialspielfilm -- Mehr als ein Träger? Zum täglichen Miteinander von europäischen Individualreisenden und ihrem Personal im kolonisierten Afrika -- Autorinnen und Autoren -- Register