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The article investigates the problem of ontologization of cognition, i.e. increasing the level of conformity between the knowledge system and being. Various levels of ontologization of knowledge are examined depending on the nature of the reflection of reality in the system of knowledge. Four levels of ontology are distinguished: the first level corresponds to the injective and bijective mappings of reality onto the knowledge system; the second level involves surjective mapping; the third level encompasses knowledge formed through isomorphic mapping of relationships between elements from reality onto the knowledge system; the fourth level involves knowledge formed through isomorphic mapping of relationships between elements within the knowledge system. Prospects for the ontologization of cognition are related to the expansion of metaphysical and consequent knowledge, the elevation to the fourth level of knowledge domains that lack ontologicality, and the expansion of knowledge linking secondary laws and properties of objects to patterns. The main tool for ontologizing cognition should be a general theory of systems, extended with a metaphysical component and supplemented with extensive collections of patterns, primitives, secondary properties and laws. The author is working on such a general systems theory, referred to as the "empirico-metaphysical general theory of systems". In conclusion, development of an empirico-metaphysical theory of systems promises to provide a robust framework for addressing the challenges of cognition representation, synthesis, and application across diverse domains. As researchers continue to delve into the nuances of ontological alignment, the proposed framework offers a promising avenue for fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and advancing our understanding of the fundamental nature of cognition.

The article examines the relationship between philosophy and science, as well as the possible role of general systems theory in the formation of the field of consolidated philosophical and scientific knowledge. It is argued that the existing arguments concerning the incompatibility of philosophy with the criteria of scientificity only point to the existence of differences between philosophical knowledge and knowledge within the framework of private sciences. At the same time, philosophy is the methodological and paradigmatic basis of all sciences. It is suggested that it is expedient to return to the natural-philosophical concept of cognition, according to which the core of science is philosophy, and private sciences act as tools of cognition of separate subject areas. The methodological basis for the realization of the natural-philosophical concept today can be the general theory of systems, supplemented by the ontological component. In the article the idea of a common field of knowledge formed by philosophy and all private sciences is put forward. This field of cognition is formed by areas of three types: metaphysical knowledge, private sciences, and areas of generalized or universal knowledge, the cogni-tion of which can be carried out only by means of the general theory of systems. An extended version of the general theory of systems is proposed – the empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems, which, in the author's opinion, possesses the necessary capabilities for the realization of philosophical cognition. The pro-posed general theory of systems includes an epistemological component (metaphysics of material being) as well as an ontological component. А cognition of complex non-deterministic objects within the framework of empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems is realized by a wide set of tools: collections of patterns and primitives of systems, secondary laws and properties of objects, evolutionary way of cognition and laws of evo-lutionary growth of complexity of systems, as well as methodology of formation of reliable knowledge.

The fact of existence of the limit of divisibility of matter, established earlier by the author, has an inevitable con-sequence of permanent loss by interacting matter of its motion. Since "heat death" due to this loss of motion has not occurred, therefore, there is a law providing restoration of motion. This law is the law of motion-position of matter. As an analog of the law of motion-position of matter, the article considers the law of conservation of mechanical energy, according to which kinetic energy (reflecting the motion of matter) can be reversibly trans-formed into potential energy (reflecting the mutual position of matter). The fundamental incompatibility of, on the one hand, the law of conservation of energy, corresponding to the relative description of being, and, on the other hand, the fact that motion is not irretrievably lost, corresponding to the absolute description of being close to absolute, is stated. The law of motion-position of matter in the assumption of birth of motion in the state of the greatest convergence of matter agrees with the existing cosmological ideas about the Big Bang and expan-sion of the Universe. The Universe in this case can be represented as an "energy independent" system. As the main problem, the study examines the determination of the mechanism of the growth of the velocity of material structures. The probable sought mechanism is the increase of (circumferential) rotational velocity at decreasing radius of rotation of material bodies, which can be rather complex material structures.

The problem of divergence of dialectical materialism from the materialist worldview, which causes the necessi-ty of epistemological and ontological comprehension of the known laws of dialectics, is considered. Since the law of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones and the law of negation of negation have been considered by the author in previous works, the subject of the study becomes the law of unity and struggle of opposites. The unity and contradictions of the object of cognition are placed in the focus of the research. The unity of the object of cognition is qualified within the framework of the system approach as its integrity, in turn defined through stability and localization. Consideration of contradictions of the object of cognition revealed their division into real and imaginary. Real contradictions are associated with the processes of creation and destruction, underlying the existence of all objects in the world. Imaginary contradictions arise in the process of cognition and include contradictions of unreliability of knowledge, methodological contradictions and termino-logical contradictions. Among the imaginary contradictions also includes the contradiction of identity and differ-ence of the object of cognition.

The article's subject of study is the extreme principle, according to which the system behaves in such a way that some value characterizing its activity takes an extreme (minimum or maximum) possible value. The content of the extreme principle, its formulations, as well as a special case of its manifestation in the form of the principle of least action are considered. The connection between the extreme principle, on the one hand, and primary properties and basic laws of being, on the other hand, is revealed. The sought connection can be built through the law of supersystems overreaction formulated by the author in the previous paper, which is one of the prima-ry laws of being and is determined from the analysis of evolution at the lowest level of material structures. The dissipative nature of all existing real systems means their existence at the expense of supersystems' resources and determines the limitations of behavior, which in the framework of epistemology can be formalized in the form of an extreme principle.

The article examines the ontological genesis of good and evil, the place of ideas about these categories, as well as ethical tools in the form of moral and ethical norms in the system of knowledge about the world. It states the existence of the problem of fragmentation of the knowledge system, which affects the sphere of philoso-phy, including ethics. The origin of good and evil from the processes of creation and destruction is argued. Thus, the connection between the ideas about these categories and the understanding of benefits for mankind, society and civilization is shown, as well as the historicity of ethical ideas that change with the expansion of knowledge and socio-economic development of society. As a priority direction in the evolution of the system of moral and ethical perceptions, the development of the system of knowledge, of which ethics is a part, is sug-gested. Such development can be facilitated by the empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems pro-posed by the author. There is a significant discrepancy between legal theory and practice and the system of ethical ideas, the overcoming of which can also be ensured by the expansion of knowledge and the formation of their integral system.

The article considers the possibility of solving the fundamental problems of cognition through the use of gen-eral systems theory as an epistemology. For this purpose it is necessary to develop and expand the general theory of systems, which is achieved through its rethinking from the position of essentialism. The expected properties of such a reinterpreted general theory of systems will give it an advantage over epistemology. These advantages are due to the greater transparency of the general theory of systems, as well as the orientation to the traductive methods of thinking, best suited to the task of forming a system of knowledge as a model of be-ing with unattainable absolute certainty. In the framework of the general theory of systems (reinterpreted from the position of essentialism) the problem of cognizability of the world is solved based on the recognition of the existence of isomorphisms – the most important empirical fact, confirming the finite complexity of the world and the possibility of its cognition. According to the general theory of systems, the limitedness of our knowledge refers to particularities, minor details, but not to the general understanding of forms, phenomena and the laws of the universe corresponding to them.

The article formulates the question about the countability of material existence, which is the key question for determining the structure of the universe. There are three answers to this question: material existence is count-able, unquantifiable or indivisible. The ontologically grounded and unambiguous definition of the concepts "division of matter" and "motion of matter" allows excluding the variants of unquantifiable and indivisible mate-rial existence. By analyzing the known laws of nature development (transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones and negation of negation) it is evident that they correspond to the countable material being. Isomorphism phenomenon is considered, the existence of which serves as evidence of the ultimate complexity of material existence and, consequently, of its countability. It is stated that being is a totality of matter (in the form of primary particles) and emptiness possessing primary properties determining all the variety of forms and laws of the universe.