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OVER THE LAST DECADE THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT HAS ENACTED A PACKAGE OF LEGISLATIVE REFORMS DEALING WITH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, SOME ASPECTS OF WHICH ARE RADICAL AND INNOVATIVE. THE REFORMS COMPRISE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A GENERAL APPEALS TRIBUNAL TO REVIEW CERTAIN ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS ON THEIR MERITS, THE APPOINTMENT OF A COMMONWEALTH OMBUDSMAN, CHANGES TO THE PROCEDURES AND PRINCIPLES CONCERNING JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION, THE ENACTMENT OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION LEGISLATION AND THE CREATION OF AN ADVISORY BODY TO MONITOR THE NEW SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. THE KEY FEATURES OF THESE REFORMS ARE DESCRIBED IN THIS ARTICLE AND SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ARE ALSO MADE ON THE IMPACT THAT THE REFORMS HAVE HAD ON FEDERAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.

Midway through the 'twenties' a great upheaval occurred in the Laws of the Game, which was destined to change the accepted approach, to change styles and tactics, and to bring in its wake new formulas, and a new type of defender. This came about when the alteration was made to the existing Law governing "Offside". Prior to the alteration three players had to be in front of the last attacker between him and the goal. Because of the misuse of this law by many defenders, chief of whom mention is made of a certain McCracken, who, when playing at back for Newcastle United adopted the trap of putting opponents offside by rushing up when a pass was made leaving only two defenders in front of the attacker. This style became known as the "One Back Game", and so frustrated and annoying it became that the legislators decided that the game as a spectacle was becoming more and more a farce. Goals were at a premium and crowds groaned when the game was held up so frequently with the defense having the last word over the attack. ; N/A

Being amongst those who have seen and followed with so much passion and ardour the game in its infancy, one is amazed at the popularity this football game has now attracted. A following, universal in its concept, from East to West, from North to South, there is hardly a country where the pull of soccer is not acknowledged. The lure of the ball that gleams, that bounces, that glides so expertly from skillful feet, is so great that the whole world seems to stop when the World Cup matches are being played. It has been estimated that over two billion people watched the last series, gathered round the television boxes, or, the most favoured few who packed the stadium absorbed into the atmosphere of frenzy, tension and passion which this game generates, leaving in its wake the dejected loser, the triumphant winner, and the great many others who love the skill, endeavour and the various twists of the game for the game's own sake. What a far cry when one kicked a rag ball in a ditch, or on a deserted patch of ground, with a sound beating at the return home for time wasted and for the costs of mending torn shoes. It is about all this growth from a tiny tot-size to the present giant that this series will follow, with as much detail as possible, recalling much of the past, of how and when the ball started bouncing on the hard grounds of our tiny Isle, and of the men who played, and who organised what today is the acknowledged national game, both in Malta and throughout the whole world. In passing let one spare a kind thought to those early pioneers who bravely, and so tenaciously, in sowing the seeds did not live to reap the harvest, to see the small plant flourishing into the giant tree it is today. ; N/A

For countries looking to implement multisectoral nutrition plans, it is critical to understand what works and how programs should be delivered and scaled-up in each context. Programs can learn from each other on how to adapt to new information, evidence and events related to scaling-up and district stakeholders can play important roles in implementation of this multisectoral plan. As part of "Pathways-to-Better Nutrition" (PBN) case study conducted by USAID/SPRING Project, this research set out to explore district leaders' perceptions of the nutrition situation, programs and opportunities for integration. Qualitative data were collected through key-informant interviews and focus group discussions. Thirty-five district and local leaders belonging to district and sub-county multisectoral nutrition committees in Kisoro and Lira were interviewed. Grounded Theory Approach was used to identify themes for coding and key domains included: learning, adoption and evidence of scale-up; adoption of innovations/interventions to local context, financing of nutrition-sensitive activities and long-term planning. Additionally, quantitative data collected by Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition were analyzed in each of the districts to provide nutrition snapshots. Malnutrition in the study districts was worse than the national average for stunting, anemia and women's underweight. The majority (91%) of respondents were not familiar with these nutrition statistics. Both study areas have formed nutrition multisectoral working groups (District Nutrition Coordinating Committees) and have developed management structures to implement interventions. Government stakeholders from every nutrition-sensitive sector referred to the lack of clear government programs that support nutrition directly in local policy environment. Key agricultural-related programs are focusing on wealth creation, value-addition or increasing agricultural productivity without nutrition lens (not "nutrition sensitive"). Nutrition is not on the 'list' of key priorities of district health departments unlike HIV/AIDS, malaria or sexual reproductive health. About 69% respondents believe they lack operational capacities and soft-power skills to design, implement and manage nutrition interventions such as leveraging of resources and being able to convey evidence. The understanding of "Scaling-up Nutrition" also differed by respondent, and this has resulted in different goals and measurements. Challenges related to nutrition financing were also noted, including fiscal decentralization, use of Output-Based Financing mechanisms, limited flexibility to re-allocate funds for nutrition, and lack of standard reporting procedures or implementation strategy. Efforts to address malnutrition need to be multisectoral, coupled with increased coordination of different sectors and ministries for sustained impact on nutrition outcomes.Keywords: Pathways, nutrition, scaling-up, multisectoral, coordination, nutrition action plan, district, Uganda

It is vital that an enterprise establishes the relative performance of its processes within any market sector. As an enterprise measures and monitors the performance of its competitors' processes vis‐à‐vis their own, the enterprise can be described as initiating a benchmarking study. This paper describes the knowledge acquisition methodology and the knowledge management methodology adopted for the development of a knowledge‐based system to estimate the cash cost performance of the product delivery process of steel plants. It will show how the combination of the two methodologies interacted to produce and implement a successful knowledge‐based system that estimated the cash cost performance of an electric arc furnace from incomplete and qualitative information.