Suchergebnisse

The contribution analyses the main perspectives of reform of the Italian Constitution, in an attempt to highlight the wealth of methodological approaches that have characterised the debate on constitutional revision and its historical developments. The historical perspective clearly shows the difference between organic and ad hoc revisions and between special and ordinary revision procedures. This overview confirms the variety of reform strategies pursued, setting them in their political and institutional context and considering their connection with referendums. Focusing on the 2020 constitutional reform on the reduction of the number of parliamentarians, the contribution assesses how an apparently "punctual" reform may open up to consequences of great impact on the relationship of the two Houses both with the electorate and with the Government. The interaction with the electoral reform and the parliamentary rules of procedure demonstrate how the implementation process that follows a constitutional reform plays a decisive role in defining its shape and scope. Major or minor reforms should not be measured so much in the number of constitutional articles amended as in the overall capacity to support the constitutional change with legislative implementation, interpretation and the modification of existing practices. ; Il contributo analizza le principali prospettive di riforma della Costituzione italiana, nel tentativo di evidenziare la ricchezza degli approcci metodologici che hanno contraddistinto i vari procedimenti di revisione costituzionale. Rispetto ai profili di metodo, si intende brevemente ricostruire in una prospettiva storica il rapporto tra revisioni organiche e revisioni puntuali e tra procedimenti di revisione speciali o ordinari. Tale analisi consentirà di identificare la varietà delle strategie riformatrici perseguite, inquadrandole nel relativo contesto politico-istituzionale ed evidenziandone il collegamento con le consultazioni referendarie. Focalizzando l'attenzione sull'ultima riforma costituzionale, quella relativa alla riduzione del numero dei parlamentari, si evidenzierà come una riforma apparentemente "puntuale" nel suo impatto emendativo sul testo costituzionale possa aprirsi a conseguenze di grande impatto nel rapporto delle due Camere sia con gli elettori che con il Governo. Se ne richiameranno quindi le più significative interazioni con la riforma elettorale e con i regolamenti parlamentari. Tale riflessione consentirà, in conclusione, di sottolineare come il processo attuativo che accompagna una riforma costituzionale svolga un ruolo determinante nel definirne la portata e l'impatto. Le grandi o piccole riforme non si valutano tanto nel numero di articoli costituzionali modificati, ma piuttosto nella capacità complessiva di un intero sistema di accompagnare il cambiamento sul piano delle attuazioni e integrazioni legislative, dell'interpretazione costituzionale, della modifica delle consuetudini in essere. ; The contribution analyses the main perspectives of reform of the Italian Constitution, in an attempt to highlight the wealth of methodological approaches that have characterised the debate on constitutional revision and its historical developments. The historical perspective clearly shows the difference between organic and ad hoc revisions and between special and ordinary revision procedures. This overview confirms the variety of reform strategies pursued, setting them in their political and institutional context and considering their connection with referendums. Focusing on the 2020 constitutional reform on the reduction of the number of parliamentarians, the contribution assesses how an apparently "punctual" reform may open up to consequences of great impact on the relationship of the two Houses both with the electorate and with the Government. The interaction with the electoral reform and the parliamentary rules of procedure demonstrate how the implementation process that follows a constitutional reform plays a decisive role in defining its shape and scope. Major or minor reforms should not be measured so much in the number of constitutional articles amended as in the overall capacity to support the constitutional change with legislative implementation, interpretation and the modification of existing practices.

The contribution analyses the main perspectives of reform of the Italian Constitution, in an attempt to highlight the wealth of methodological approaches that have characterised the debate on constitutional revision and its historical developments. The historical perspective clearly shows the difference between organic and ad hoc revisions and between special and ordinary revision procedures. This overview confirms the variety of reform strategies pursued, setting them in their political and institutional context and considering their connection with referendums. Focusing on the 2020 constitutional reform on the reduction of the number of parliamentarians, the contribution assesses how an apparently "punctual" reform may open up to consequences of great impact on the relationship of the two Houses both with the electorate and with the Government. The interaction with the electoral reform and the parliamentary rules of procedure demonstrate how the implementation process that follows a constitutional reform plays a decisive role in defining its shape and scope. Major or minor reforms should not be measured so much in the number of constitutional articles amended as in the overall capacity to support the constitutional change with legislative implementation, interpretation and the modification of existing practices. ; Il contributo analizza le principali prospettive di riforma della Costituzione italiana, nel tentativo di evidenziare la ricchezza degli approcci metodologici che hanno contraddistinto i vari procedimenti di revisione costituzionale. Rispetto ai profili di metodo, si intende brevemente ricostruire in una prospettiva storica il rapporto tra revisioni organiche e revisioni puntuali e tra procedimenti di revisione speciali o ordinari. Tale analisi consentirà di identificare la varietà delle strategie riformatrici perseguite, inquadrandole nel relativo contesto politico-istituzionale ed evidenziandone il collegamento con le consultazioni referendarie. Focalizzando l'attenzione sull'ultima riforma costituzionale, quella relativa alla riduzione del numero dei parlamentari, si evidenzierà come una riforma apparentemente "puntuale" nel suo impatto emendativo sul testo costituzionale possa aprirsi a conseguenze di grande impatto nel rapporto delle due Camere sia con gli elettori che con il Governo. Se ne richiameranno quindi le più significative interazioni con la riforma elettorale e con i regolamenti parlamentari. Tale riflessione consentirà, in conclusione, di sottolineare come il processo attuativo che accompagna una riforma costituzionale svolga un ruolo determinante nel definirne la portata e l'impatto. Le grandi o piccole riforme non si valutano tanto nel numero di articoli costituzionali modificati, ma piuttosto nella capacità complessiva di un intero sistema di accompagnare il cambiamento sul piano delle attuazioni e integrazioni legislative, dell'interpretazione costituzionale, della modifica delle consuetudini in essere. ; The contribution analyses the main perspectives of reform of the Italian Constitution, in an attempt to highlight the wealth of methodological approaches that have characterised the debate on constitutional revision and its historical developments. The historical perspective clearly shows the difference between organic and ad hoc revisions and between special and ordinary revision procedures. This overview confirms the variety of reform strategies pursued, setting them in their political and institutional context and considering their connection with referendums. Focusing on the 2020 constitutional reform on the reduction of the number of parliamentarians, the contribution assesses how an apparently "punctual" reform may open up to consequences of great impact on the relationship of the two Houses both with the electorate and with the Government. The interaction with the electoral reform and the parliamentary rules of procedure demonstrate how the implementation process that follows a constitutional reform plays a decisive role in defining its shape and scope. Major or minor reforms should not be measured so much in the number of constitutional articles amended as in the overall capacity to support the constitutional change with legislative implementation, interpretation and the modification of existing practices.

Starting from the idea that the protection of social rights represents a problematic issue in the history of the European social integration, the essay analyses contemporary changes in the EU approach to social rights and policies. It focuses on the Directive 2011/24/UE on cross-border health protection, considered as a potential turning point for the European welfare system.In particular, it is argued that, at their origins, the European Communities did not considered the protection of social rights as a priority, leaving upon the responsibility of Member States the functioning of the Welfare systems. Interest vested upon the construction of a single market, however, did not prevented the European institutions – and in particular the European Court of Justice – from recognising spheres of social protection to European citizens. As a consequence, the European social integration was traditionally characterised by its being considered instrumental to the economic integration and by its jurisprudential matrix. This historical evolution must now be framed in the contemporary context of global economic crisis, as this latter seems to trigger some of the fundamental criteria which, in the traditional Welfare systems, have accompanied the recognition and protection of social rights. On the basis of such premises, the essay analysis the main novelties introduced by the Directive 2011/24/UE on cross-border health protection. The Directive, in fact, is based on a new mechanism of health assistance at supranational level, characterised by three main features: the fulfilment of the rules and principles of the free circulation; the composed nature of the upcoming European Health System, resulting from the integration of the national health systems; the coordination of national administrations and the creation of European networks. Due to its innovative nature, this integrated model of cross-border health protection seems to offer new paths of development to the European social integration. It is in fact both compatible with the increased financial limits posed by the economic crisis and coherent with the respect of national specificities. ; Sommario: 1. Introduzione: il problema dell'effettiva tutela dei diritti sociali nello spazio europeo - 2. Eguaglianza vs non discriminazione: due diversi approcci al tema tra Costituzioni nazionali e diritto europeo - 3. Il cammino dei diritti sociali nell'Unione europea - 3.1. In particolare: la moderazione del Trattato di Lisbona rispetto ai diritti sociali - 3.2. L'impatto della crisi economica sulla tutela dei diritti sociali: un paradosso - 4. Un tentativo di creare uno spazio di tutela infraeuropeo: la direttiva 2011/24/UE sull'assistenza sanitaria transfrontaliera - 4.1. Le finalità istituzionali: la libera circolazione dei cittadini europei nell'accesso ai trattamenti sanitari- 4.2. I tre pilastri della direttiva: libertà di circolazione, sistemi sanitari nazionali e cooperazione tra gli Stati membri - 5. Considerazioni di sintesi: verso un nuovo spazio europeo di protezione dei diritti sociali? ; Od momentu zainicjowania wspólnotowej przestrzeni socjalnej ochrona praw socjalnych stanowiła poważne wyzwanie. W chwili obecnej zachodzą jednak duże zmiany w zakresie praw socjalnych i polityki socjalnej, a wymownym tego przykładem jest Dyrektywa 2011/24/UE w sprawie transgranicznej opieki zdrowotnej, w której upatruje się potencjalny punkt zwrotny w europejskim modelu społecznym. Autorka przekonuje, że kwestia ochrony praw socjalnych początkowo nie należała do priorytetów Wspólnot Europejskich, które pozostawiały państwom członkowskim odpowiedzialność za funkcjonowanie systemów opieki socjalnej. Ostatecznie jednak interesy ekonomiczne podporządkowane tworzeniu jednolitego rynku nie powstrzymały instytucji europejskich, a w szczególności Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości, przed wyodrębnieniem sfery ochrony socjalnej obywateli UE, ale konsekwencją tak kształtowanej europejskiej integracji społecznej był jej instrumentalny charakter w stosunku do integracji gospodarczej, odzwierciedlony w utrwalonej linii orzeczniczej.Zintegrowany model transgranicznej opieki zdrowotnej, ze względu na swój innowacyjny charakter, może wytyczyć nowe ścieżki rozwoju europejskiej integracji społecznej. Jest on bowiem zgodny zarówno ze zwiększonymi ograniczenia finansowymi wywołanymi przez kryzys gospodarczy, a zarazem spójny z odrębnościami poszczególnych krajów.Tłumaczenie: K. Jachimowicz

Starting from the idea that the protection of social rights represents a problematic issue in the history of the European social integration, the essay analyses contemporary changes in the EU approach to social rights and policies. It focuses on the Directive 2011/24/UE on cross-border health protection, considered as a potential turning point for the European welfare system.In particular, it is argued that, at their origins, the European Communities did not considered the protection of social rights as a priority, leaving upon the responsibility of Member States the functioning of the Welfare systems. Interest vested upon the construction of a single market, however, did not prevented the European institutions – and in particular the European Court of Justice – from recognising spheres of social protection to European citizens. As a consequence, the European social integration was traditionally characterised by its being considered instrumental to the economic integration and by its jurisprudential matrix. This historical evolution must now be framed in the contemporary context of global economic crisis, as this latter seems to trigger some of the fundamental criteria which, in the traditional Welfare systems, have accompanied the recognition and protection of social rights. On the basis of such premises, the essay analysis the main novelties introduced by the Directive 2011/24/UE on cross-border health protection. The Directive, in fact, is based on a new mechanism of health assistance at supranational level, characterised by three main features: the fulfilment of the rules and principles of the free circulation; the composed nature of the upcoming European Health System, resulting from the integration of the national health systems; the coordination of national administrations and the creation of European networks. Due to its innovative nature, this integrated model of cross-border health protection seems to offer new paths of development to the European social integration. It is in fact both compatible with the increased financial limits posed by the economic crisis and coherent with the respect of national specificities. ; Sommario: 1. Introduzione: il problema dell'effettiva tutela dei diritti sociali nello spazio europeo - 2. Eguaglianza vs non discriminazione: due diversi approcci al tema tra Costituzioni nazionali e diritto europeo - 3. Il cammino dei diritti sociali nell'Unione europea - 3.1. In particolare: la moderazione del Trattato di Lisbona rispetto ai diritti sociali - 3.2. L'impatto della crisi economica sulla tutela dei diritti sociali: un paradosso - 4. Un tentativo di creare uno spazio di tutela infraeuropeo: la direttiva 2011/24/UE sull'assistenza sanitaria transfrontaliera - 4.1. Le finalità istituzionali: la libera circolazione dei cittadini europei nell'accesso ai trattamenti sanitari- 4.2. I tre pilastri della direttiva: libertà di circolazione, sistemi sanitari nazionali e cooperazione tra gli Stati membri - 5. Considerazioni di sintesi: verso un nuovo spazio europeo di protezione dei diritti sociali? ; Od momentu zainicjowania wspólnotowej przestrzeni socjalnej ochrona praw socjalnych stanowiła poważne wyzwanie. W chwili obecnej zachodzą jednak duże zmiany w zakresie praw socjalnych i polityki socjalnej, a wymownym tego przykładem jest Dyrektywa 2011/24/UE w sprawie transgranicznej opieki zdrowotnej, w której upatruje się potencjalny punkt zwrotny w europejskim modelu społecznym. Autorka przekonuje, że kwestia ochrony praw socjalnych początkowo nie należała do priorytetów Wspólnot Europejskich, które pozostawiały państwom członkowskim odpowiedzialność za funkcjonowanie systemów opieki socjalnej. Ostatecznie jednak interesy ekonomiczne podporządkowane tworzeniu jednolitego rynku nie powstrzymały instytucji europejskich, a w szczególności Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości, przed wyodrębnieniem sfery ochrony socjalnej obywateli UE, ale konsekwencją tak kształtowanej europejskiej integracji społecznej był jej instrumentalny charakter w stosunku do integracji gospodarczej, odzwierciedlony w utrwalonej linii orzeczniczej.Zintegrowany model transgranicznej opieki zdrowotnej, ze względu na swój innowacyjny charakter, może wytyczyć nowe ścieżki rozwoju europejskiej integracji społecznej. Jest on bowiem zgodny zarówno ze zwiększonymi ograniczenia finansowymi wywołanymi przez kryzys gospodarczy, a zarazem spójny z odrębnościami poszczególnych krajów.Tłumaczenie: K. Jachimowicz

Abstract
The article draws comparisons between inter-parliamentary cooperation in the European Union and at the international level. It recognises that, notwithstanding a strong international imprint, inter-parliamentary relations in the EU have gradually experienced somewhat distinctive pushes, deeply embedded in the unique constitutional arrangement of the Union. On the one hand, the composite nature of EU constitutionalism, and its impact on parliaments' relationship with the democratic oversight rationale, have exercised a major influence on the aims and scope of inter-parliamentary cooperation. On the other hand, from the organisational point of view, the distinctive structure of parliamentary representation in the EU has pushed inter-parliamentary arrangements into a multi-layered design, consisting of a large variety of vertical formats. The article argues that inter-parliamentary cooperation in the EU is expected to act as a sui generis practice when compared to apparently similar forms of transnational dialogue amongst parliaments. In theory, at least, the EU sets ideal conditions for fulfilling an authentic collective parliamentary dimension, instrumental to the democratic oversight of the executives. Instead, focusing on the practice, the full potential of EU inter-parliamentarism is not yet fulfilled, for two set of reasons: the unresolved ambiguities over its contribution to parliamentary democracy and the lack of a real capacity to depart from the formats of international parliamentary institutions.

Gradually emerged in England in the aftermath of the struggle between the House of Commons and the Crown, parliamentarism has widely circulated abroad, has been praised by many for its alleged capacity to resist authoritarianism, and is mainly concentrated in Europe as well as in former UK colonies. Likewise, presidentialism, originated for the first time from the US Constitution of 1787, is not a monolithic category. Committees, in particular the permanent ones, have famously been labelled as the "backbones" of legislatures. In law-making, the strength of committees is what defines the strength of a parliamentary institution, in terms of capacity to shape the content of legislation and to oversee the executive. In presidential regimes, the capacity of the Parliament to influence the budget seems higher, also due to the lack of confidence votes to be used by the executive as a leverage to pressure the legislature on budgetary procedures.

"The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations brings together an international, multidisciplinary group of contributors providing a systematic and comprehensive analysis of parliamentary administrations. Including chapters on the administrations of national parliaments in every member state of the European Union, in most of the EU candidate countries and in key liberal democracies around the world, this book represents a uniquely broad-ranging resource. Each national system is treated in a consistent manner, with authors providing relevant facts, figures, and critical analysis according to a common framework. Additionally, it provides coverage of transnational parliamentary administrations in different regions around the globe and includes a number of cross-cutting chapters, addressing key issues of relevance for a better understanding of parliamentary administrations such as the potential for politicisation, professionalisation, digitalisation or Europeanisation with the comparative analysis of different national experiences. This handbook will enable readers to better comprehend the role and influence of parliamentary administrations and in doing so will enhance our understanding of their importance for the effective functioning of representative democracy more generally. The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations constitutes a unique tool and prime reference for any researcher, scholar or practitioner working in the area of parliamentary and legislative studies, governance, democracy, public policy and administration, as well as more widely to European studies, general political science and comparative politics"--