Suchergebnisse

The consistent downward trend in the number of farmers and their family members working on farms, observed for many years, forces farmers to use hired labour, which significantly affects issues related to the payment for labour in EU agriculture. The aim of the study discussed in the article is to assess the differences in the level of hired labour on farms in EU countries and the remuneration of farmers and their family members, which is provided for by the income of the farm. In order to achieve this goal, it was necessary to determine the amount of time of hired work on farms and the remuneration per hour of hired work. The article also examines the effect the Common Agricultural Policy subsidies supporting the farms' operating activity have on farmers' remuneration. The subject of the study focused on commercial farms keeping FADN agricultural accounting in 28 EU countries. Standard results of the FADN EU were used in the analysis. The average results of two periods which included the years 2015– 2017 and 2018–2019 were assessed. Horizontal and vertical analyses were used to compare the parameters characterising farms in individual countries in both periods of the study.
The conducted research indicates a growing demand for hired labour on farms in the EU, which increases the share of the cost of hired workers in the total costs of a farm. Therefore, it is advisable to continue public support in the framework of the agricultural policy, which contributes to the generation of farm income at an acceptable level. As the study shows, the hourly wages of hired workers in most EU countries exceeded the per hour, unsubsidised income resulting from a farmer's own labour, and such a situation – from the farmers' point of view – undermines the economic viability of continuing agricultural production.

The aim of the article is to indicate the main factors influencing the diversification of farm income in the European Union countries. The analysis involved the production potential, production costs, and the impact of subsidies on income under the Common Agricultural Policy. The research covered farms keeping agricultural accounting in the EU-28 countries. The analysis used data for 2015-2017 and 2018, collected and processed under the FADN EU system. The analyses show that farms in the EU differed significantly in terms of the agricultural land area, the value of assets, technical equipment of work, and production intensity. It was estimated that the intensity was related to the production direction and land productivity. The income situation of farms was also significantly influenced by production efficiency. On average, from 2015-2017, the cost of EUR 1 production ranged between EUR 0.64 and 1.32, and in 2018 it was between EUR 0.64 and1.28. As a consequence, in many countries farm income depended solely on subsidies to operating activities. The research shows that subsidies eliminate the differences between countries at the level of income from production (without subsidies), which suggests a further need to continue to equalize the level of subsidies among the EU countries. ; Celem artykułu było wskazanie głównych czynników wpływających na zróżnicowanie dochodów gospodarstw rolnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej (UE). Analiza dotyczyła potencjału produkcyjnego, kosztów produkcji oraz oddziaływania dopłat na dochody w ramach wspólnej polityki rolnej. Badaniami objęto gospodarstwa prowadzące rachunkowość rolną w 28 krajach UE. Do analizy wykorzystano dane za lata 2015-2017 oraz z 2018 roku, zebrane i przetworzone w ramach systemu FADN EU. Z analiz wynika, że gospodarstwa rolne w UE szczególnie silnie różniły się pod względem powierzchni użytków rolnych, wartości aktywów, technicznego uzbrojenia pracy oraz intensywności produkcji. Ocenia się, że intensywność miała związek z kierunkiem produkcji oraz z produktywnością ziemi. Na sytuację dochodową gospodarstw w znaczącym stopniu wpływała efektywność produkcji. Średnio w latach 2015-2017 koszt wytworzenia 1 EUR produkcji zawierał się w przedziale 0,64-1,32 EUR, a w 2018 roku – 0,64-1,28 EUR. W konsekwencji, w wielu krajach dochód z gospodarstwa stanowiły wyłącznie dopłaty do działalności operacyjnej. Wyniki badań wskazują, że dopłaty niwelują różnice między krajami w poziomie dochodu uzyskanego z produkcji (bez dopłat), co sugeruje dalszą potrzebę kontynuacji wyrównywania wielkości dopłat między krajami w UE.

The aim of this study was to identify the circumstances in which the Common Agricultural Policy, once the most centralised policy in the EU, changed, after 2013, into one which is the most decentralised and diversified. The following hypothesis was put forward that the introduction of significant flexibility in the CAP reflects the search by Member States for the most effective ways to identify and implement their own preferences on the EU forum. The research was conducted from the perspective of the liberal intergovernmentalism theory based on a critical analysis of the respective literature and the applicable strategic documents and regulations. In the study, a large heterogeneity of agricultural sectors in the EU has been shown, resulting from several enlargements of the EU. Consequently, it has led to an increasing diversification of national preferences, signifi cantly affecting the shape of the CAP reforms proposed on the EU forum. Other important drivers influencing the changes in the CAP were the introduction of a co¬decision procedure in the area of agriculture, along with the increasing impact of Member States on the decision-making process since the economic crisis of 2008–2009. As a consequence, EU budget negotiations have been dominated by narrowly-defined sectoral and national interests. The concentration of Member States on an acceptable net position contributes to maintaining the status quo in terms of the expenditure part of the EU budget or its reduction. Thus, there is a risk that the deficit of European integration in areas assuming the distribution of costs and benefi ts between Member States may have a negative impact on the future of the EU.