Suchergebnisse

At first an overview about marriage patterns in Albania around 1900 and the influence of religion on marriage patterns in Southeastern Europe is given. The Albanian census of 1918 used for this analysis is presented and the religious situation in Albanian in 1918 is explained. Research questions are defined and possible other factors influencing marriage patterns in Albania are discussed. The descriptive analysis reveals religious influences on marriage patterns, but cannot quantify the amount of different factors. This first analysis of the influence of religion on marriage ages in Albania using microdata in a logistic regression shows that a considerable influence of religion on marriage ages remain even after including a series of other variables. Generally other variables like the regions within Albania, literacy, Slavic ethnicity, and age had stronger influences on ages at marriage than religion. But religion in the form of Roman Catholicism was the main factor influencing the share of unmarried women around an age of 50 years.

This article uses the Albanian population census of 1918 and the published results of four Serbian censuses of the second half of the 19th century to study the proportion of multiple family households in these countries. During the second half of the 19th century household complexity increased in Serbia despite a widespread notion of the dissolution of the multiple family households there. This confirms research that points to the fact that household divisions were a regular phenomenon and did not mean the dissolution of the institution of multiple family households. These two countries east of the Hajnal-line showed strong tendencies of living in multiple family households in this time period. The postulated contrast to Western Europe can therefore be based on evidence from quantitative research. Household complexity was higher in Northern Albania and in Serbia in the west, southwest and southeast of the country and we have to be aware that there were considerable variations within these countries.

"The author also analyzes household and family patterns on the basis of the data of the population census of 1918. Here he looks to fit the Albanian household within the theoretical patterns of family and household for Southeastern Europe and the Balkans. The data of the Albanian population census of 1918 shows that even if more simple family households existed than to date has been assumed, more people lived in multiple family households than in simple family households. Albania must thus be placed within the region of joint household systems. The data also reveals considerable differences within the territory in which the census was taken - Austro-Hungarian occupied northern Albania - especially between rural 4nd urban residents and people of different religious and ethnic affiliations." (author's abstract)

Die demografischen Prozesse des letzten halben Jahrhunderts führten in Ost- und Südosteuropa zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der Anteils älterer Menschen an der Gesamtbevölkerung. Die Staaten dieser Region gehören heute zu denjenigen mit der ältesten Bevölkerung in der Welt, wie der Autor in seinem Beitrag anhand von Datenmaterial zeigt. Er beschreibt die demografische Entwicklung im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert in Südosteuropa mit Blick auf die Bereiche Fertilität, Lebenserwartung und Migration. Er skizziert ferner den demografischen Übergang von hohen zu niedrigen Geburten- und Sterberaten und stellt einige Prognosen bis 2050 vor. Er weist darauf hin, dass die Länder im Osten Europas durch ihre ungünstigere wirtschaftliche Lage auf die zukünftigen Herausforderungen schlechter vorbereitet sind als die westlichen Länder des Kontinents. (ICI)

This article makes a new contribution to the discussion of historical European family forms. Its starting points are two recent contributions by Steven Ruggles in which the author discussed the historical appearances of stem and joint families across the globe. Drawing on most recent developments in census microdata infrastructure from historical Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, the authors pinpoint limitations pertaining to the usage of IPUMS (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series) and NAPP (North Atlantic Population Project) collections for the investigation of European family systems. Using newly acquired materials and refined conceptual tools, they enhance the knowledge about the spatiotemporal distribution of stem- and joint-family arrangements in a broader European context. As the frequency of joint families in the regions under study cannot be fully accounted for by referring to measures of economic conditions and demographic structures alone, the authors speculate about some additional factors which may explain the observed differences in joint-family coresidence across historic Eastern Europe.

Literaturangaben

The beginnings of historical anthropology as a transdisciplinary project have to be located in the 1970s. However, in this part of the world it is still considered as a young project. This seems to be the main reason for not having yet developed a common understanding about its aims, methods and core contents. There is also no unanimity about the perception, advocated in this volume, that historical anthropology does not represent a new scientific discipline but an altered understanding of history as a discipline as a whole for the purpose of transdisciplinarity. The intention of the endeavor 'historical anthropology' is far from questioning established disciplines such as the historical scholarship but to put man in its historical contingency and cultural complexity into the focus of research and academic teaching. Since the temporal dimension does play a central role anthropologically oriented historical scholarship occupies a specific position in this project. Historical anthropology is comprehended here as integration of disciplines in the sense of a comprehensive science of the human being.
Historical anthropology conducted in a rather peripheral region such as Southeastern Europe or the Balkans due to its specific historic development and cultural features is confronted with partly other challenges and has partly different aims compared with Western or Central Europe, for instance, which is reflected in the composition of the present volume. It consists of five parts. The first one addresses migration and adaption strategies, the second one gender relations and stages of life. The third one deals with the complex relationship of geographic features such as mountains and sea, and the human being. The fourth part is devoted to law and disciplining, and the concluding one to identities. The authors are either directly affiliated with Centre for Southeast European History and Anthropology at University of Graz or colleagues from abroad with whom the Centre has intensive collaboration. - Die bislang vor allem ethnozentrierte Perspektive auf Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas hat viel zu den unübersehbaren Spannungen in der Region beigetragen. Eine historisch-anthropologische Perspektive kann dem Entscheidendes entgegensetzen und ethnozentrierte Blicke auflösen.

Dieser erste Überblick über Themenfelder einer Historischen Anthropologie im südostlichen Europa hat Einführungscharakter und weist gleichzeitig auf Forschungsperspektiven hin. Dargestellt werden u. a. folgende Themenfelder: Wanderungen und Anpassungsstrategien; Geschlechterbeziehungen und Lebensphasen; das Gebirge, die Stadt und das Meer; Recht und Disziplinierung; Identitäten. Die Beiträger und Beiträgerinnen stammen sowohl aus Ländern des westlichen als auch des südöstlichen Europa.

Résumé L'Allemagne du xix e siècle est un laboratoire particulièrement intéressant pour l'étude des différences démographiques entre régions, et pourtant les structures de la famille à cette époque dans cette partie de l'Europe restent peu explorées. Cet article analyse la variabilité des situations domestiques avec une mesure agrégée de la complexité des ménages fondée sur les statistiques publiées du recensement allemand de 1885. Des méthodes descriptives et des techniques de modélisation spatiale permettent d'examiner les hypothèses existantes sur les déterminants de la complexité des ménages. Les variations régionales de la structure des ménages sont-elles associées aux variations concernant l'emploi agricole, les pratiques d'héritage, l'appartenance ethnique et d'autres caractéristiques socio-économiques ? Les régions où la complexité des ménages était faible se concentrent dans le sud-ouest et le sud de l'Allemagne, et celles où la complexité était forte dans le nord et le nord-est. Quant aux différences macro-régionales socio-économiques et culturelles, dont on sait qu'elles existaient en Allemagne à la fin du xix e siècle et qu'on pensait décisives, elles ne s'avèrent que faiblement associées aux schémas spatiaux de complexité des ménages. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec l'hypothèse de Ruggles (2009), selon laquelle les variations spatiales des structures de ménage sont essentiellement liées au degré d'emploi dans l'agriculture et aux caractéristiques démographiques.