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At a time when the contemporary landscape of teaching is populated with successive and persisting government policy reforms that have increased teachers' external accountabilities, work complexity, and emotional workload, understanding why and how many teachers are able to sustain their capacity to be resilient and continue to work for improvement is an important quality retention issue. The purpose of this paper is to build upon but take further current understanding of resilience in teachers by exploring in greater depth the nature of resilience in teachers as a relational concept and the ways in which it may be related to the learning and achievement of their pupils. The empirical basis of the paper draws upon analyses of twice yearly semi-structured face-to-face interview data from 300 teachers in different phases of their careers in 100 primary and secondary schools in England over a consecutive three-year period. Through these analyses, the paper contributes additional empirical evidence to the emerging but still limited literature on the factors which influence teachers' capacity to be resilient. The paper concludes with a consideration of the implication of the findings for the quality retention of teachers.

Section 1. Rethinking the relationship between education and development -- Section 2. Learning, teaching and schooling for development -- Section 3. Beyond schools : adult, vocational and higher education for development -- Section 4. International cooperation in education and development

We examine strategic interactions between firms and planners in China, comparing behavior between: (i) students and managers with field experience with this situation, (ii) standard versus increased monetary incentives, and (iii) sessions conducted "in context," making explicit reference to interactions between planners and managers, and those without any such references. The dynamics of play are similar across treatments with play only gradually, and incompletely, converging on a pooling equilibrium. A fivefold increase in incentives significantly increases initial levels of strategic play. Games played in context generated greater levels of strategic play for managers, with minimal impact on students. (JEL D23, D8, C92)

Truncation and amino acid residue substitution are common methods to optimise the design of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In the present work, seven truncated and residue-substituted derivatives of Plantaricin ZJ5 (PZJ5) were designed and synthesised. PZJ5-5 was a truncation that simultaneously contained three substituted amino-acid residues, with enhanced antimicrobial activity and low haemolytic activity. The effects of PZJ5-5 on Escherichia coli microstructure were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, which indicated that its antibacterial mechanism was similar to PZJ5. C-terminal amidation of PZJ5-5 (PZJ5-7) was deleterious, and resulted in a dramatic reduction in potency against E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes, with no potency against the other three indicator bacteria. Truncation and residue substitution of bacteriocin PZJ5 changed its antimicrobial activities and specificities, which provided a rationale for bacteriocin design.

Yongwei Gu,1– 3,* Qing Gu,4,* Qing Yang,1,2 Meng Yang,3 Shengzhang Wang,5 Jiyong Liu1– 3 1Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; 4Department of Pharmacy, Jingan District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, People's Republic of China; 5Institute of Biomechanics, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shengzhang WangDepartment of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Institute of Biomechanics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-21-65647825Email szwang@fudan.edu.cnJiyong LiuDepartment of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-21-64175590Email liujiyong@fudan.edu.cnBackground: Skin pharmacokinetics is an indispensable indication for studying the drug fate after administration of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). However, the heterogeneity and complex skin structured with stratum corneum, viable epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue inevitably leads the drug diffusion coefficient (Kp) to vary depending on the skin depth, which seriously limits the development of TDDS pharmacokinetics in full thickness skin.Methods: A multilayer geometry skin model was established and the Kp of drug in SC, viable epidermis, and dermis was obtained using the technologies of molecular dynamics simulation, in vitro permeation experiments, and in vivo microdialysis, respectively. Besides, finite element analysis (FEA) based on drug Kps in different skin layers was applied to simulate the paeonol nanoemulsion (PAE-NEs) percutaneous dynamic penetration process in two and three dimensions. In addition, PAE-NEs skin pharmacokinetics profile obtained by the simulation was verified by in vivo experiment.Results: Coarse-grained modeling of molecular dynamic simulation was successfully established and the Kp of PAE in SC was 2.00× 10− 6 cm2/h. The Kp of PAE-NE in viable epidermis and in dermis detected using penetration test and microdialysis probe technology, was 1.58× 10− 5 cm2/h and 3.20× 10− 5 cm2/h, respectively. In addition, the results of verification indicated that PAE-NEs skin pharmacokinetics profile obtained by the simulation was consistent with that by in vivo experiment.Discussion: This study demonstrated that the FEA combined with the established multilayer geometry skin model could accurately predict the skin pharmacokinetics of TDDS.Keywords: nano transdermal drug delivery system, skin pharmacokinetics, finite element analysis, multilayer geometry model, diffusion coefficient, paeonol nanoemulsion

Essential oils (EOs) have received increasing attention due to their safety and effective antibacterial activity. The chemical components and antibacterial activity of Litsea mollis Hemsl. essential oil no. 2 (LMEO2) was investigated in the present work. GC-MS analysis was performed, and 24 bioactive compounds were detected with citral being the most predominant (46.1482%). LMEO2 had high antibacterial activity against the foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella Enteritidis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.01% for E. coli O157, and 0.05% for Salmonella Enteritidis, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 0.05% for E. coli O157, and 0.1% for Salmonella Enteritidis. Furthermore, the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) leak assays revealed that LMEO2 destroyed the integrity of cell wall. This was consistent with the nucleic acid leakage assays which revealed that LMEO2 enhanced the membrane permeability. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assays also demonstrated that LMEO2 could damage the cell wall integrity, thus leading to cellular content leakage. The main bioactive component of LMEO2 was citral. LMEO2 could be a promising plant-derived antibacterial agent.