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International audience ; The communication aims to discuss the rural conflicts which arose from the mid-19 th century Ottoman reform. While recent studies of the Syrian countryside have given an in-depth analysis of the economic aspects of these reforms, the new social relations and the evolution of the laws they engendered, research has focused on how the implementation-and first of all, the translation of the law-at the local stage affected the relations of domination between the notables ('ayān), who maintained ownership of the land, and the farmers who worked on that land. Studying these relations allows us to understand the new relationship established between the Ottoman authorities and local elites. It also allows us to analyse the interpretation of the law, and explain how this legal category introduced by the reforms empowered some specific groups at the local stage, forcing the reorganisation of the political elites in Ottoman Syria. This presentation is based mostly on an in-depth reading of religious and secular tribunals (shāri' and nizāmī) in the Tabū archive.This communication is a contribution for panel organized by Matthieu Rey "The Boundaries of State Intervention: dealing with 'property' in modern Syria". The panel aimed to historicize the relationship between the state and individuals through a reconsideration of the status of property. Law n°10, recently issued by Bashar al-Assad, aroused controversy as it allowed the regime to deprive certain citizens of their rights to own land. The terms of the debate quickly turned to sectarian issues and discussion of how the law enables the Syrian regime to override the Sunni majority and increase the access to property for the minorities. This panel departs from the sectarian hypothesis by highlighting how the very notion of property has been shaped by the emergence of the modern Syrian state (post Tanzimat era), and evolved alongside the dynamic of the state. Authorities have tried to encroach on local power through the definition of landowners' ...

International audience ; The communication aims to discuss the rural conflicts which arose from the mid-19 th century Ottoman reform. While recent studies of the Syrian countryside have given an in-depth analysis of the economic aspects of these reforms, the new social relations and the evolution of the laws they engendered, research has focused on how the implementation-and first of all, the translation of the law-at the local stage affected the relations of domination between the notables ('ayān), who maintained ownership of the land, and the farmers who worked on that land. Studying these relations allows us to understand the new relationship established between the Ottoman authorities and local elites. It also allows us to analyse the interpretation of the law, and explain how this legal category introduced by the reforms empowered some specific groups at the local stage, forcing the reorganisation of the political elites in Ottoman Syria. This presentation is based mostly on an in-depth reading of religious and secular tribunals (shāri' and nizāmī) in the Tabū archive.This communication is a contribution for panel organized by Matthieu Rey "The Boundaries of State Intervention: dealing with 'property' in modern Syria". The panel aimed to historicize the relationship between the state and individuals through a reconsideration of the status of property. Law n°10, recently issued by Bashar al-Assad, aroused controversy as it allowed the regime to deprive certain citizens of their rights to own land. The terms of the debate quickly turned to sectarian issues and discussion of how the law enables the Syrian regime to override the Sunni majority and increase the access to property for the minorities. This panel departs from the sectarian hypothesis by highlighting how the very notion of property has been shaped by the emergence of the modern Syrian state (post Tanzimat era), and evolved alongside the dynamic of the state. Authorities have tried to encroach on local power through the definition of landowners' ...

The aim of this paper is to provide substantial insights into the land tenure system in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the late nineteenth century. While Ottoman institutional and legal reforms (Tanẓimāt) tended towards applying common standards throughout all the imperial territories, some provinces were granted relative autonomy, among them Mount Lebanon Mutaṣarrifiyya (1861). Within the framework of an empirical examination of the application of the land law reforms in the Bilād Al-Shām, the paper compares the autonomous province of Mount Lebanon with the province of Syria (Wilāyat Sūriyya). Starting with reflections on the "particularism" of Mount Lebanon, claimed by the Lebanese actors themselves, the article shows how exceptions became generalized across the vast Empire. The concepts of "possession" and "property," fundamental to any analysis of the land tenure system, are looked at here not only through an examination of the centralized law and local customs and legal practices, but also through an analysis of the linguistic, geographical and social nuances employed by the actors concerned.

this study presents the methods of individual and collective identification before the Civil and Criminal Justice Courts of the Niedermal District Court in Homs, through the records of hearings covering the years 1886 to 1919. Administrators and administrators, court staff, witnesses, informants and many others must be identified or identify themselves. On the eve of the civil status organised by the Law of 14 October 1890, reporting to the court appears to be a well-defined task; however, some variations or differences in the form and choice of the elements of identification make it possible to question the local application of Ottoman legislation. ; International audience Personal identification at the dawn of the Ottoman Registry (nufûs): litigants before the civil court of Homs (central Syria) in late nineteenth century. This article is based on the records of hearings between 1886 and 1919 before the civil court and the criminal justice court of first intance (niẓâmî) of Homs. It presents the different modes of identification for individuals and groups. Administrators, subjects, court personnel, witnesses, informants and others must identify themselves or be identified. After the creation of the Registry Office (Law of October 14, 1890), introducing oneself before the court became a set of well-defined procedures. However, some differences in form and choice of personal identification components allow us to consider how Ottoman legal system was locally applied. ; this study presents the methods of individual and collective identification before the Civil and Criminal Justice Courts of the Niedermal District Court in Homs, through the records of hearings covering the years 1886 to 1919. Administrators and administrators, court staff, witnesses, informants and many others must be identified or identify themselves. On the eve of the civil status organised by the Law of 14 October 1890, reporting to the court appears to be a well-defined task; however, some variations or differences in the form and choice of ...

International audience ; Around the Mediterranean Sea in the XIXth century, the concept of individual and exclusive property is spreading. Several policies implement it: liberal revolutions to the north, imperial reforms to the east and colonial offensives to the south. It is an occasion to understand filiations and singularities in land changes from an edge to another. In order to report such evolution, it is relevant to focus on direct operators; they can be legislators, administrators, land owners or users; they often anticipate, manage or adjust reforms. On the field or in the secrets of power, they act to create or preserve land norms; they quarrel new or old rights' recognition with each other; they also react to the emergence of land markets. Their ways of playing reveal, at different scales, social relations' complexity in a changing world. ; Autour de la Méditerranée au XIXe siècle, la notion de propriété individuelle et exclusive se diffuse. Révolutions libérales au nord, réformes impériales à l'est, offensives coloniales au sud, différentes politiques la mettent en œuvre. D'où la possibilité d'identifier des filiations et singularités dans les transformations foncières d'une rive à l'autre. Pour en rendre compte, une entrée par les acteurs du droit est privilégiée car ces législateurs, fonctionnaires, propriétaires, usagers, anticipent, modulent et retouchent sans cesse les réformes. Sur le terrain et dans les centres de pouvoir, ils sont à la manœuvre pour générer ou préserver les normes foncières, se disputer la reconnaissance de droits nouveaux ou anciens, réagir face au développement du marché des biens. Leurs jeux révèlent, à différentes échelles, la complexité des relations sociales dans un monde en pleine mutation.

International audience ; Around the Mediterranean Sea in the XIXth century, the concept of individual and exclusive property is spreading. Several policies implement it: liberal revolutions to the north, imperial reforms to the east and colonial offensives to the south. It is an occasion to understand filiations and singularities in land changes from an edge to another. In order to report such evolution, it is relevant to focus on direct operators; they can be legislators, administrators, land owners or users; they often anticipate, manage or adjust reforms. On the field or in the secrets of power, they act to create or preserve land norms; they quarrel new or old rights' recognition with each other; they also react to the emergence of land markets. Their ways of playing reveal, at different scales, social relations' complexity in a changing world. ; Autour de la Méditerranée au XIXe siècle, la notion de propriété individuelle et exclusive se diffuse. Révolutions libérales au nord, réformes impériales à l'est, offensives coloniales au sud, différentes politiques la mettent en œuvre. D'où la possibilité d'identifier des filiations et singularités dans les transformations foncières d'une rive à l'autre. Pour en rendre compte, une entrée par les acteurs du droit est privilégiée car ces législateurs, fonctionnaires, propriétaires, usagers, anticipent, modulent et retouchent sans cesse les réformes. Sur le terrain et dans les centres de pouvoir, ils sont à la manœuvre pour générer ou préserver les normes foncières, se disputer la reconnaissance de droits nouveaux ou anciens, réagir face au développement du marché des biens. Leurs jeux révèlent, à différentes échelles, la complexité des relations sociales dans un monde en pleine mutation.

International audience ; Around the Mediterranean Sea in the XIXth century, the concept of individual and exclusive property is spreading. Several policies implement it: liberal revolutions to the north, imperial reforms to the east and colonial offensives to the south. It is an occasion to understand filiations and singularities in land changes from an edge to another. In order to report such evolution, it is relevant to focus on direct operators; they can be legislators, administrators, land owners or users; they often anticipate, manage or adjust reforms. On the field or in the secrets of power, they act to create or preserve land norms; they quarrel new or old rights' recognition with each other; they also react to the emergence of land markets. Their ways of playing reveal, at different scales, social relations' complexity in a changing world. ; Autour de la Méditerranée au XIXe siècle, la notion de propriété individuelle et exclusive se diffuse. Révolutions libérales au nord, réformes impériales à l'est, offensives coloniales au sud, différentes politiques la mettent en œuvre. D'où la possibilité d'identifier des filiations et singularités dans les transformations foncières d'une rive à l'autre. Pour en rendre compte, une entrée par les acteurs du droit est privilégiée car ces législateurs, fonctionnaires, propriétaires, usagers, anticipent, modulent et retouchent sans cesse les réformes. Sur le terrain et dans les centres de pouvoir, ils sont à la manœuvre pour générer ou préserver les normes foncières, se disputer la reconnaissance de droits nouveaux ou anciens, réagir face au développement du marché des biens. Leurs jeux révèlent, à différentes échelles, la complexité des relations sociales dans un monde en pleine mutation.

" La production juridique écrite issue des tribunaux ottomans du Bilād aš-Šām constitue, depuis les années 1980, la source primaire la plus fréquemment dépouillée et analysée par les historiens ottomanistes. Les nombreuses publications d'histoire ottomane des provinces arabes sont le résultat de l'étude sérielle d'une multitude de documents consignés dans un ou plusieurs registres de cour. Toutefois, les auteurs ne se livrent que rarement à l'exercice d'une lecture publique d'un document. Dans cet ouvrage, les contributeurs mettent à nu leurs difficultés, leurs questionnements face à la lecture de documents manuscrits trop souvent écrits sans soin dans une langue normative réduite au minimum. Par la diversité des articles ici réunis, l'éventail des documents issus de la pratique juridique est présenté, la phase du déchiffrage des manuscrits est révélée, enfin les différentes lectures et usages informatifs de ce type de source sont exposés."