Suchergebnisse

The COVID-19 pandemic slowed down international migration around the world, with many countries closing their international borders for a prolonged period of time. Although there are studies emerging that analyse the impact of COVID-19 and border control measures, more detailed migration flow data have been largely absent. In this research note, we examine changes to the patterns of immigration and emigration in Australia during the pandemic to further our understanding of the differing impacts of the pandemic on population groups. Foreign-born populations with large shares of international students recorded the highest declines in immigration, especially those from China, Malaysia, and South America. Immigration of seasonal workers from the Pacific Islands, on the other hand, exhibited increased levels. There were also unexpected situations where residents who made temporary visits outside Australia were unable to return, or persons who were visiting on short-term visas prolonged their stay. Results reveal how responsive migration can be to policies in a time of a population health crisis. The nuance and complexity of these patterns underscore the importance of migration dynamics, adding to our knowledge of the changing international migration profiles during the recent pandemic.

Background:Education planning requires accurate and efficient projection models. Current projection models either do not make use of all available information and are reliant on idiosyncratic expert judgement, or are too complex to be maintained and explained. Aims:To test whether a multiregional projection model performs better than current methodology in explaining and projecting school enrolments in a school system with student mobility. Data and methods:A multiregional cohort model was developed for projecting enrolments for multiple schools or districts simultaneously. For illustration, data were obtained for all government schools in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) for the years 2008-2016. Multiregional projections were compared with a cohort transition model and the ACT Education Directorate's own projections. Results:(i) There is great diversity in the sources of school enrolment growth that need to be accommodated in enrolment projections; and (ii) multiregional projections perform slightly better than traditional methods with less effort and more transparency. Conclusion:A sources of growth approach guides the understanding of enrolment change, which is critical for making informed projections.

This paper seeks to provide a better understanding of international migration among the ten countries constituting the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In reviewing the data, we identify several major issues concerning the availability of data, consistency in definitions of migration, and a general absence of many of the important migration categories needed to understand the movements. We propose an adaptation of the multiplicative component model framework to first estimate total immigration and total emigration for each ASEAN country from 2000 to 2015, borrowing information from 34 other countries in the world. Second, bilateral flows are estimated using a range of auxiliary information on the interactions among ASEAN countries and constraining them to the total immigration and total emigration estimates. The result is a complete and consistent account of migration flows that allows one to examine how migration has coincided with rapid demographic and economic change in the region.

The concentration of heavy metals in plants' leaves can effectively indicate the spatiotemporal differences of environmental pollution, providing a scientific basis for the monitoring of urban air quality. The concentration of Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in the leaves of five different species (Ophiopogon japonicus, Ligustrum vicaryi, Platanus acerifolia, Sophora japonicaand Cedrusdeodara) were measured, which were from I, II, III, IV (0.05 m, 0.25 m, 1 m, 4 m) at different times (May and November) in the green belt of Baoji city. The degree of heavy metal pollution and potential ec ological risk were analyzed. The results revealed that the concentration of Zn, Cu and Pb in roadside plant leaves was relatively high. In May, the heavy metal concentration was the highest in the leaves of C.deodara, whereas this was the case for S. japonica in November. Arbors were more effective at capturing particles from the atmosphere than low plants. At the same height, areas with high levels of heavy metal pollution in May were basically the same as that in November, and areas with high levels of pollution were affected by traffic and industry. The pollution index and the comprehensive index of potential ecological risk of element Cd were the highest, indicating that the potential harm of Cd to the environment should receive more attention from the Government.

AbstractFlows of international migration are needed in the Asia-Pacific region to understand the patterns and corresponding effects on demographic, social, and economic change across sending and receiving countries. A major challenge to this understanding is that nearly all of the countries in this region do not gather or produce statistics on flows of international migration. The only information that are widely available represent immigrant population stocks measured at specific points in time—but these represent poor proxies for annual movements. In this paper, we present a methodology for indirectly estimating annual flows of international migration amongst 53 populations in the Asia-Pacific region and four macro world regions from 2000 to 2019 using a generation–distribution framework. The estimates suggest that 27–31 million persons from the Asia-Pacific region have changed their countries of usual residence during each year in the study. Southern Asia is estimated to have had the largest inflows and outflows, whilst intra-regional migration and return migration were highest in Eastern, Southern, and South-Eastern Asia. India, China, and Indonesia were estimated to have had the largest emigration flows and net migration losses. As a first attempt to estimate international migration flows in the Asia-Pacific region, this paper provides a basis for understanding the dynamics and complexity of the large-scale migration occurring in the region.