The purpose of the change of the Productive Matrix is to generate a greater added value to the productive economy of the country through the construction of a knowledge society. It is based on transforming the wealth generation model, moving from its concentrating characteristics, excluding and based on natural resources; towards a democratic approach, inclusive and based on the knowledge and capabilities of Ecuadorians. URL: http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/532 ; La finalidad del cambio de la Matriz Productiva es generar un mayor valor agregado a la economía productiva del país a través de la construcción de una sociedad del conocimiento. Se fundamenta en transformar el modelo de generación de riqueza, pasando de sus características concentradoras, excluyentes y basadas en recursos naturales; hacia un enfoque democrático, incluyente y fundamentado en el conocimiento y capacidades de los ecuatorianos. URL: http://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/532
En el análisis de la red social y de políticas del subsector cacaotero en Colombia, objeto de la presente propuesta de trabajo de grado, surgen dos dimensiones concatenadas y sucesivas de investigación, la primera averigua la composición del subsector cacaotero, a través de la identificación de los actores presentes desde diferentes ámbitos, en lo financiero, económico, político, organizacional, social, realizando una breve caracterización sobre quiénes son, y la segunda analiza cómo están conformados, su rol, ubicación, función y demás características que aportan a la descripción de la fisionomía social y política. Inicia con el estado del arte del subsector cacaotero, expone sus generalidades, los actores y parte su problemática, pero no pretende buscar las soluciones a esta problemática, sino analizar de qué manera funciona y se interrelacionan los diferentes actores de la cadena, como segunda dimensión de análisis, ya que al describir la problemática expuesta del subsector, puede verse que algunos son aspectos estructurales, entre ellos coordinación, cooperación, comunicación, organización, planeación e integración, los cuales hacen parte de la dinámica de la red social del subsector. Con esta propuesta se aplica la metodología de redes para llevar a cabo la identificación de cada actor, su agrupación de acuerdo a los ámbitos de interrelación y la participación en la red de políticas públicas y su sistema de gobernanza. La conciencia de esta existencia de interacciones o redes puede permitir el uso eficiente de diferentes espacios de diálogo entre instituciones, organizaciones, entidades y otras que apoyen la sostenibilidad del subsector cacaotero en Colombia. ; In social network analysis and cocoa subsector policies in Colombia, under this proposed degree work, and there are two successive concatenated dimensions research, first find out the composition ofthe cocoa subsector, through the identification of present actors from different areas in the financial, economic, political, organizational, social, performing a brief description ofwho they are, and the second examines how they are formed, their role, location, function and other features that contribute to the description of social and political physiognomy. Start with the art of cocoa subsector, exposes its generalities, actors and part their problems, but does not attempt to seek solutions to this problem, but to analyze how work and interrelate the different actors in the chain, as a second dimension analysis as to describe the problems exposed in the subsector, shows that some are structural, including coordination, cooperation,communication, organization, planning and integration, which are part ofthe dynamics ofthe social network of the subsector. This proposal applies the methodology of networks to carry out the identification of each actor, their grouping according to the areas of networking and participation in public policy network and its system of governance. The awareness of the existence of interactions or networks can allow efficient use of different spaces for dialogue between institutions, organizations, and other entities that support sustainable cocoa subsector in Colombia.
En Colombia, a partir de los procesos de descentralización estatal surtidos en los años 90 del siglo pasado, en las zonas rurales surgieron una serie de estructuras sociales basadas en la organización comunitaria local, con el propósito de proveer de agua domiciliaria a aquellos que la administración central no logró atender oportunamente (Madrigal, Alpízar y Schlüter, 2011, Cadavid, 2009). Para el desarrollo de la presente investigación se asumen como unidad de análisis los acueductos veredales, en el marco establecido para la caracterización de sistemas socio ecológicos (Ostrom, 2000, Ostrom, 2009, McGinnis y Ostrom, 2014), para lo cual se seleccionaron tres sistemas socio-hídricos ubicados en el Valle del Río Blanco, jurisdicción del municipio de Choachí, Cundinamarca: La Caja-Rosario, Chatasugá y Maza. Con el propósito de analizar a una escala geográfica mayor, las interacciones entre los sistemas socio-hídricos estudiados, desde la complejidad del marco de los territorios hidrosociales (Swyngedouw, 1999, Budds e Hinojosa, 2012, Urteaga, 2014), se analiza la posible incidencia de los sistemas socio-hídricos estudiados, en el estado del territorio hidrosocial del Valle del Río Blanco. ; At the end of the last century, during the processes of government decentralization in Colombia, into the rural areas emerged a series of social structures based on the local community organization, with the purpose of providing domiciliary water to those that the central administration was not able to respond in a timely manner (Madrigal, Alpízar y Schlüter, 2011, Cadavid, 2009). For this investigation rural aqueducts was assumed as an analysis unit, within the socio-ecological system characterization framework (Ostrom, 2000, Ostrom, 2009, McGinnis y Ostrom, 2014), So that, three socio-hidric systems of the Valley of the Rio Blanco, located in the Municipality of Choachi, Cundinamarca were selected. La Caja-Rosario, Chatasugá and Maza. In order to analyze the interactions into the studied hidro-social systems from a larger geographic scale perspective, Into the complexity of hidrosocial territories framework (Swyngedouw, 1999, Budds e Hinojosa, 2012, Urteaga, 2014), the possible impact of the SSH in the state of the Rio Blanco Valley's sociohidric territory it's been studied.
Soil organic matter is seriously affected by fires and suffers changes in stock, composition, and distribution. In the North-West side of the Cantabrian Range (northern Spain) fires are very common. In order to develop a cartographic technique to map areas with high carbon stocks caused by fire, we test a technique based on calibrated VIS-NIR soil organic carbon models and hyperspectral images. Total (TOC) and oxidizable carbon (OC) were measured in 89 soil samples. The samples were scanned with VIS-NIR spectrometer (400–2500 nm), and the spectra were resampled to the hyperspectral image channels. Spectroscopic models for TOC and OC were fitted (R2>0.81) using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The predictions were regionalized to the hyperspectral image and the results validated with a new soil population consisting of 12 Valeri plots collected in burned slopes of the study area under heather vegetation. In soil samples, TOC and OC values are highly correlated (R = 0.92), and the coefficients of the PLSR models have a similar pattern, which suggests similar organic components. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in the values of the regression coefficients, much higher in the TOC model except at 560 and 2054 nm that might be interpreted as labile carbon components, and at 1590 nm. At this wavelength the coefficient of TOC is positive and OC is negative, and it could be interpreted as hydrocarbons components present in the TOC model. ; This work was funded by the Government of Asturias through the project SV-PA-13-ECOEMP-40. J. Peón acknowledges a PhD Grant from the University of Oviedo and a PhD Grant "Severo Ochoa" from the Government of Asturias (BP14-104). We also acknowledge INTA for providing the images and for the geometric and atmospheric correction.
