Suchergebnisse

El debate sobre la "predistribución", que ya permea múltiples ámbitos de las ciencias sociales, no parece ser una moda pasajera. ¿Pero es una propuesta exenta de problemas? Sin lugar a duda, la idea de predistribución —el establecimiento de marcos reguladores que permitan una amplia participación social en el seno de una vida económica "civilizada"— tiene un gran potencial para el pensamiento democrático. Pero el aspecto más políticamente prometedor entre los predistribucionistas es cualquier cosa menos una novedad: en efecto, las economías políticas transformadoras o "populares", desde los siglos XVII al XXI, siempre han subrayado, entroncando con las intuiciones principales de la tradición republicana, la importancia de la garantía ex-ante de recursos de diverso tipo. Sin embargo, que la extensión de la libertad y no solo el bienestar material sea la razón principal de la predistribución es un elemento fundamental para pensar una agenda predistributiva verdaderamente abierta a la (posibilidad de la) desmercantilización y, por ello, a la democracia económica. Rescatar los vestigios predistributivos en el republicanismo parece necesario a la luz de algunas de las principales aproximaciones a la predistribución, que se muestran meramente como una alternativa bienestarista a los impuestos y las transferencias —pudiendo erosionar de este modo no solo lo que se necesita para establecer el tipo de marcos reguladores que los predistribucionistas dicen defender, sino también los mismos conjuntos de recursos que resultan relevantes para que individuos y grupos persigan vidas más libres—. Este artículo trata de comprender la renta básica como herramienta predistributiva más allá del bienestar material, es decir, como herramienta que posibilite una economía política republicana-democrática que, como tal, siente las bases para la co-determinación colectiva de las formas de trabajo y de vida.

El presente documento pretende dar a todos los abogados litigantes una recopilación jurisprudencial de los aspectos probatorios que diferencian el contrato de agencia comercial de otros contratos como el de suministro o distribución. Para ello, se enumerarán los elementos esenciales mas controvertidos del contrato de agencia y después de una breve definición de los mismos, se establecerán algunos mecanismos que servirán de prueba al juez o árbitro que resuelva la contienda para determinar si se configuró o no el mencionado contrato. De manera paralela se estudiarán sentencias que han resuelto distintas hipótesis que resultaron controversiales y se examinarán algunos casos puntuales que servirán como muestra para determinar distintas líneas jurisprudenciales que se han creado alrededor de las mismas. ; This document is intended to provide all trial attorneys with a jurisprudential compilation of evidential aspects that differentiate commercial agency contracts from any other type, like supplies or distribution ones. To aim for this, at first, the essential and also most controversial elements of agency contracts will be listed and subsequently briefly defined. After this, different mechanisms will be established to work as evidence for any judge that has to solve the battle where its determined whether such contracts were well set up or not. In parallel, sentences that have resolved several hypothesis that turned out to be controversial will be examined as well as some specific cases that will work as reference to determine different lines of case-law that have been created around those.

Este documento presenta un modelo de microsimulación de impuestos y transferencias para Colombia el cual permite estudiar a priori los efectos sobre la distribución del ingreso y el recaudo fiscal de cambios de política. Al basarse en EUROMOD1 se posibilitan estudios comparativos con países desarrollados y en desarrollo que se han implementado bajo el mismo marco analítico. El alcance del modelo tiene un especial énfasis, el cual se ilustra con dos reformas hipotéticas: el reemplazo del sistema de transferencias monetarias del país por un ingreso básico y la implementación del sistema de impuesto a la renta de Ecuador y de Estonia en Colombia. Para el escenario base se encuentra que tanto la desigualdad como la pobreza no se ven alteradas Las capacidades del modelo se ilustran con dos reformas hipotéticas: el reemplazo del sistema de transferencias monetarias del país por un ingreso básico y la implementación del sistema de impuesto a la renta de Ecuador y de Estonia en Colombia. Para el escenario base se encuentra que tanto la desigualdad como la pobreza no se ven alteradas significativamente después de la intervención del Estado. Así mismo, las simulaciones resaltan las dificultades de recaudo con un sistema tributario con un elevado tramo exento al igual que la dirección de futuras mejoras en el sistema de transferencias monetarias. ; This document presents a tax-benefit microsimulation model for Colombia which allows for an a priori study of the effects of policy changes on income distribution and fiscal revenue. Based on EUROMOD methodology and software, it enables comparative studies across countries using the same analytical framework. Two hypothetical reforms are proposed to illustrate the model's capabilities: the replacement of the benefits system for a basic income and the implementation of the income tax systems of Ecuador and Estonia in Colombia. The baseline scenario indicates that income inequality and poverty do not change significantly after government intervention. Likewise, the proposed simulations highlight revenue collection difficulties posed by a large tax-exempt bracket and the possible direction of future improvements of the benefits system.

Ce travail propose, pour la première fois, une typologie d'activités productives basée sur leurs caractéristiques logistiques. Il s'appuie sur les résultats d'une enquête nationale sur les pratiques logistiques et de transport des établissements de l'industrie et du commerce de gros. Les quatre profils logistiques identifiés illustrent l'inégal degré d'intégration de la logistique dans les entreprises. Au-delà du foisonnement apparent d'organisations logistiques, ce travail montre que des regroupements raisonnablement homogènes peuvent être réalisés. Ce résultat constitue une première piste intéressante qui permet d'envisager des politiques de transport segmentées en fonction des contraintes logistiques des activités.

Ce travail propose, pour la première fois, une typologie d'activités productives basée sur leurs caractéristiques logistiques. Il s'appuie sur les résultats d'une enquête nationale sur les pratiques logistiques et de transport des établissements de l'industrie et du commerce de gros. Les quatre profils logistiques identifiés illustrent l'inégal degré d'intégration de la logistique dans les entreprises. Au-delà du foisonnement apparent d'organisations logistiques, ce travail montre que des regroupements raisonnablement homogènes peuvent être réalisés. Ce résultat constitue une première piste intéressante qui permet d'envisager des politiques de transport segmentées en fonction des contraintes logistiques des activités.

This paper provides evidence of the cyclic behavior of containerization through an analysis of the phases of a Kondratieff wave (K-wave) of global container ports development. The container, like any technical innovation, has a functional (within transport chains) and geographical diffusion potential where a phase of maturity is eventually reached. Evidence from the global container port system suggests five main successive waves of containerization with a shift of the momentum from advanced economies to developing economies, but also within specific regions. These waves are illustrative of major macroeconomic, technological and sometimes political shifts within the global economy. They do not explain the causes, but simply the consequences in the distribution in container traffic and growth (or decline). Yet, they provide strong evidence that containerization has a cyclic behavior and that inflection points are eventually reached, marking the end of the diffusion of containerization in a specific port or port range. Future expectations about the growth of containerization thus need to be assessed within an economic cycle perspective instead of the rather linear perspectives.

This paper provides evidence of the cyclic behavior of containerization through an analysis of the phases of a Kondratieff wave (K-wave) of global container ports development. The container, like any technical innovation, has a functional (within transport chains) and geographical diffusion potential where a phase of maturity is eventually reached. Evidence from the global container port system suggests five main successive waves of containerization with a shift of the momentum from advanced economies to developing economies, but also within specific regions. These waves are illustrative of major macroeconomic, technological and sometimes political shifts within the global economy. They do not explain the causes, but simply the consequences in the distribution in container traffic and growth (or decline). Yet, they provide strong evidence that containerization has a cyclic behavior and that inflection points are eventually reached, marking the end of the diffusion of containerization in a specific port or port range. Future expectations about the growth of containerization thus need to be assessed within an economic cycle perspective instead of the rather linear perspectives.

This paper provides evidence of the cyclic behavior of containerization through an analysis of long, medium and short waves of container ports. The container, like any technical innovation, has a market and diffusion potential where a phase of maturity is eventually reached. Evidence from the global container port system suggests five successive major long waves of containerization with a shift of the momentum from advanced economies to developing economies, but also within developed and developing economies. While long, medium and short wave patterns have been clearly identified within the global container port system, these waves are simply illustrative of major macroeconomic, technological and sometimes political shifts within the global economy. They do not explain the causes, but simply the consequences in the distribution in traffic and growth (or decline). Yet, they provide strong evidence that containerization has a cyclic behavior illustrative of economic processes and that inflection points are eventually reached, marking the end of the diffusion of containerization in a specific port or port range. Future expectations about the growth of containerization thus need to be assessed within an economic cycle perspective instead of the rather linear perspectives in which containerization is generally considered.

This paper provides evidence of the cyclic behavior of containerization through an analysis of long, medium and short waves of container ports. The container, like any technical innovation, has a market and diffusion potential where a phase of maturity is eventually reached. Evidence from the global container port system suggests five successive major long waves of containerization with a shift of the momentum from advanced economies to developing economies, but also within developed and developing economies. While long, medium and short wave patterns have been clearly identified within the global container port system, these waves are simply illustrative of major macroeconomic, technological and sometimes political shifts within the global economy. They do not explain the causes, but simply the consequences in the distribution in traffic and growth (or decline). Yet, they provide strong evidence that containerization has a cyclic behavior illustrative of economic processes and that inflection points are eventually reached, marking the end of the diffusion of containerization in a specific port or port range. Future expectations about the growth of containerization thus need to be assessed within an economic cycle perspective instead of the rather linear perspectives in which containerization is generally considered.

Paper submitted to Journal of Transport Geography, under review ; This paper provides evidence of the cyclic behavior of containerization through an analysis of long, medium and short waves of container ports. The container, like any technical innovation, has a market and diffusion potential where a phase of maturity is eventually reached. Evidence from the global container port system suggests five successive major long waves of containerization with a shift of the momentum from advanced economies to developing economies, but also within developed and developing economies. While long, medium and short wave patterns have been clearly identified within the global container port system, these waves are simply illustrative of major macroeconomic, technological and sometimes political shifts within the global economy. They do not explain the causes, but simply the consequences in the distribution in traffic and growth (or decline). Yet, they provide strong evidence that containerization has a cyclic behavior illustrative of economic processes and that inflection points are eventually reached, marking the end of the diffusion of containerization in a specific port or port range. Future expectations about the growth of containerization thus need to be assessed within an economic cycle perspective instead of the rather linear perspectives in which containerization is generally considered.

Paper submitted to Journal of Transport Geography, under review ; This paper provides evidence of the cyclic behavior of containerization through an analysis of long, medium and short waves of container ports. The container, like any technical innovation, has a market and diffusion potential where a phase of maturity is eventually reached. Evidence from the global container port system suggests five successive major long waves of containerization with a shift of the momentum from advanced economies to developing economies, but also within developed and developing economies. While long, medium and short wave patterns have been clearly identified within the global container port system, these waves are simply illustrative of major macroeconomic, technological and sometimes political shifts within the global economy. They do not explain the causes, but simply the consequences in the distribution in traffic and growth (or decline). Yet, they provide strong evidence that containerization has a cyclic behavior illustrative of economic processes and that inflection points are eventually reached, marking the end of the diffusion of containerization in a specific port or port range. Future expectations about the growth of containerization thus need to be assessed within an economic cycle perspective instead of the rather linear perspectives in which containerization is generally considered.

We study the impact of the 1907 Panic, the most severe economic crisis before the Great Depression, on the selection of Mexican immigration. We find that migrants were positively selected on height before the crisis. This pattern changed to negative selection during the crisis but returned to positive selection afterward. Adjustments in selection were partially mediated by theenganche, a historical labor-recruiting system that reduced migration costs but only for taller laborers with above-average earnings potential. We document that labor recruiting contributed to maintaining the relatively constant height profile of the migration flow in the short run.