Suchergebnisse

In the late 80's and early 90's Mexico eliminated minimum price policies of main agricultural commodities and substituted those policies by government operated contract markets. Contracts can help smooth price variations and facilitate risk-sharing but their impact on price levels is uncertain. We simultaneously estimate the impacts of quantity supplied sold via contracts and the cash market on cash prices for grains participating in contracts: wheat, corn, soybeans and sorghum. By doing so we estimate an inverse grain demand function using supply shifters and other exogenous variables as exclusion restrictions. Our findings show that quantity supplied sold via contracts is a more important determinant of prices than quantity supplied in the cash market. A 10% increase of volume sold via contracts is estimated to reduce cash market prices by 2.5 %. Additionally, we find no evidence that more contracts affect prices by reducing quantity supplied in the cash market.

This dissertation consists of three essays. The objective of the essays is to study the impacts of different regulations on the behavior of regulated agents. The first two essays focus on the analysis of non-traditional regulatory policies that complement traditional regulations consisting of inspections and fines for plants that violate regulations. The third essay studies the impacts of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age regulation on alcohol and marijuana consumption. The first essay of this dissertation analyzes the effects of disclosing information online and through the newspapers about Mexican gas stations that cheat the consumer by selling chiquilitros (liters that are less than a true liter). The information about gas stations that commit fraud is revealed through random inspections that the Consumer Protection Agency (PROFECO by its Spanish acronym) conducts on all gas stations in Mexico and is disclosed in PROFECO's website. Newspapers in different municipalities also publish reports with lists of gas stations that are reported by PROFECO as being in violation of regulations. Using data on inspection histories and local news reports, we estimate the impact of disclosing information online and through the newspapers on the probability of future regulatory compliance. Our findings show that disclosing information online significantly improves compliance with regulations. In contrast, newspaper reports are only effective at improving compliance rates for those gas stations that had been found in violation prior to the publication of the reports. One of the main reasons gas stations improve their behavior is that their sales are negatively affected as a result of bad publicity in the newspapers. Using a unique dataset with monthly gasoline sales at the gas station-level, we show that gas stations that were reported in the newspaper reports suffered a loss of sales of 2.2% to 2.4% in the month of the publication. The results suggest that public disclosure of firm's behavior through the media can serve as a complementary tool for inspections and fines in contexts were fines and sanctions are limited.The second essay studies the impacts of self-policing policies to induce environmental audits. State-level statutes in most of the states of the US provide firms that engage in environmental self-audits and that self-report their environmental violations, with a variety of different regulatory rewards, including "immunity" from penalties and "privilege" for information contained in self-audits. These regulations have been controversial in the environmental arena. Critics argue that they provide with incentives to polluters to reduce the level of care, increasing toxic emissions and inspection costs. Proponents argue instead that these regulations can effectively induce more care by polluting plants and lower EPA's enforcement costs. We find that, by encouraging self-auditing, privilege protections tend to reduce pollution and government enforcement activity; however, sweeping immunity protections, by reducing firms' pollution prevention incentives, raise toxic pollution and government inspection oversight. We conclude that self-policing policies that grant limited incentives to firms to self-audit are effective at reducing both toxic emissions and government enforcement effort, whereas those regulations that grant excessive protection by reducing the penalty from disclosed violations, increase both toxic emissions and enforcement costs.The third essay estimates the causal effect of increased availability of alcohol on marijuana use. We exploit the Minimum Legal Drinking Age regulation that restricts the consumption of alcohol for people younger than 21 and compare alcohol and marijuana consumption in individuals just below and just above the age of 21. We show that both the probability and frequency of marijuana consumption decrease sharply at age 21, while the probability and frequency of alcohol intake increase, suggesting that marijuana and alcohol are substitutes. We further find that the substitution effect between alcohol and marijuana is stronger for blacks than whites and for women than men. Overall, our results suggest that policies designed to limit alcohol use have the unintended consequence of increasing marijuana use.

This article examines the state of nonprofit and philanthropic studies doctoral education using several data sources: PhD student surveys, faculty surveys, the number of nonprofit articles published in academic journals, and completed dissertations in nonprofit and philanthropic studies. This article contributes to the nonprofit literature by capturing overall trends in nonprofit and philanthropic studies doctoral education, while asking fundamental questions about doctoral education—particularly about coherence and knowledge production. It presents several implications for both our understanding of the current state of nonprofit doctoral education—where we are—and where the field may be headed.

Objetivo: Investigar la determinación social de la salud bucal de los estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas y afrocolombianos del sur occidente del país, domiciliarios de las Residencias Universitarias 10 de Mayo. Métodos: Se realizo un estudio descriptivo con apoyo en una encuesta individual fundamentada en la Determinación Social, DS. Resultados: La mayor parte de la población es de género femenino y presenta mejor salud bucal que los hombres. Esto se explica por los cambios alimentarios, culturales y sociales, así como el choque con nuevas formas de pensamiento. La mayoría pierde acceso a las Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS) y subsisten solo con la cobertura de los servicios de bienestar universitario y en algunos casos con apoyo de otros servicios sociales. Conclusiones: La desigualdad social y la falta de acceso a políticas de equidad en salud determinan la salud bucal y el bienestar humano. Aunque se pudo constatar que cuentan con la información sobre cuidado en salud bucal, las condiciones de acceso a la educación son mínimas y tienen otras prioridades. Si bien la calidad de vida del individuo y sunúcleo familiar se puede mejorar, se reconoce que la salud bucal puede aportar a este propósito hábitos saludables de higiene, alimentación y autocuidados. Recomendaciones: Es necesario ampliar la cobertura de servicios de salud de los universitarios y especialmente de los grupos étnicos considerados minoría. Se deben hacer realidad los planteamientos de reconocimiento a las minorías por parte del gobierno. Es necesario un acompañamiento oportuno en primeros semestres. ; Objective: To investigate the social determinants of oral health of university students from indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities south west of the country, addresses the May 10 Residence Halls. Methods: Descriptive study was conducted with support in a single survey based on the Social Determination, DS. Results: The majority of the population is female and has better oral health than men. This is explained by dietary changes, cultural and social, as well as the clash with new ways of thinking. Most lose access to health promotion enterprises, EPS and subsist only coverage university welfare services, and in some cases with the support of other social services. Conclusions: social inequality and lack of access to health equity policies determine oral health and human welfare. Although it was found to have the information on oral health care, the conditions of access to education are minimal and have other priorities. While the quality of life of the individual and their family can be improved, it is recognized that oral health can contribute to this purpose healthy hygiene habits, nutrition and selfcare. Recommendations: It is necessary to expand the coverage of health services and especially college ethnic group considered a minority. They must realize recognition approaches to minorities by the government. You need appropriate accompaniment in first semester.

La Constitución Política de Colombia y la Ley 31 de 1992, artículo 14, asignan al Banco de la República la función de administrar las reservas internacionales. Asimismo, definen que estas deben ser manejadas con criterios de seguridad, liquidez y rentabilidad. El propósito de este documento es explicar la gestión de las reservas internacionales de Colombia, las cuales ascendían a USD 48.392 millones (m) a diciembre de 2018. Primero, se introducen los principales conceptos asociados con las reservas internacionales y el marco en el cual se fundamenta su gestión por parte del Banco. Posteriormente, se detalla la política de administración y los aspectos fundamentales de su operatividad. Por último, se realiza un recuento sobre el estado actual de las reservas. ; The Colombian Constitution and Law 31/1992 (Article 14) assigned Banco de la República a mandate to manage Colombia's foreign reserves. Likewise, they also stipulate that the criteria to manage foreign reserves are safety, liquidity, and return. The purpose of this report is to explain how Colombia's foreign reserves are managed. At December 2018, they amounted to USD 48,392 million (m). The report begins with a description of the main concepts associated with foreign reserves and outlines the framework on which its management by the Bank is based. It then describes, in detail, the policy for managing foreign reserves, as well as the fundamental aspects of its operation. The report ends with an account of the current state of the country's foreign

La Constitución Política de Colombia y la Ley 31 de 1992, artículo 14, asignan al Banco de la República la función de administrar las reservas internacionales. Asimismo, definen que estas deben ser manejadas con criterios de seguridad, liquidez y rentabilidad. El propósito de este documento es explicar la gestión de las reservas internacionales de Colombia, las cuales ascendían a USD 48.392 millones (m) a diciembre de 2018. Primero, se introducen los principales conceptos asociados con las reservas internacionales y el marco en el cual se fundamenta su gestión por parte del Banco. Posteriormente, se detalla la política de administración y los aspectos fundamentales de su operatividad. Por último, se realiza un recuento sobre el estado actual de las reservas.