Suchergebnisse

La investigación recoge un análisis de los logros y limitaciones de la Estrategia De Cero a Siempre para la atención integral a la Primera Infancia en el cuatrienio 2010- 2014 a través de los factores político y Social. El estudio se realizó por medio de la recolección de información a nivel Nacional y Territorial. ; "The research ineludes an analysis of the achievements and limitations, through the political and social factors, of the National Strategy ""De Cero a Siempre"" for the comprehensive care in Early Childhood in the quadrennium 2010-2014. The study was conducted by gathering information to national and regional level."

pendiente autorización de la revista ; The Environment Department of the Government of Andalusia (Spain) has recently assumed the responsibility of integrating extensive livestock grazing as a tool for fire prevention. The present study aims to analyse the sustainability of 60 farms (mainly small ruminant farms) belonging to the Andalusian Network of Grazed Fuel breaks. Farms are located mainly in Natural Areas of Eastern Andalusia. 9291 goats, 24491 ewes and 170 cows grazed in 260 km of fuel breaks. 27 farms have only sheep (mainly meat purpose), 18 only goats (mainly dairy purpose), 10 goat and sheep, 3 small ruminants and suckling cows and 2 small ruminants, suckling cows and Iberian pigs; only 4 goat farms produce cheese. Meat and milk production has a marked seasonal variation. The feed supplied in the manger is relatively high, especially in goat herds. Hard work, small farm profitability and lack of assurance of farm continuity are the most important aspects that negatively affect the sustainability of these farms. For improving sustainability, farmers are to be able to exploit strengths, absorb shocks, adjust following a disturbance and transform their farm to take advantage of new opportunities. ; Le Département de l'Environnement du Gouvernement de l'Andalousie (Espagne) a récemment pris la responsabilité d'intégrer le pâturage extensif dans la prévention des incendies. La présente étude analyse la viabilité de 60 exploitations (surtout des petites exploitations de ruminants) qui appartiennent au Réseau Andalou des Exploitations Collaboratrices au Pâturage des Coupe-feux. Les fermes sont situées principalement dans les Parcs Naturels de l'Est de l'Andalousie. 9291 chèvres, 24491 brebis et 170 vaches sont en pâturage dans 260 km de coupe-feux. 27 exploitations ont seulement des ovins (surtout d'aptitude viande), 18 ont seulement des caprins (surtout d'aptitude laitière), 10 ont des ovins et caprins, 3 ont des petits ruminants et des bovins et 2 ont des petits ruminants, des bovins et des porcins de la race Ibérique ; il n'y a que 4 fermes qui fabriquent du fromage. La production de viande et de lait sont très saisonnières. Les apports d'aliments à l'auge sont relativement élevés, en particulier dans le cas des chèvres. Les aspects plus négativement influents sur la durabilité des exploitations sont: la pénibilité du travail, la faible rentabilité des petites exploitations et le manque d'assurance de la continuité des exploitations. Pour améliorer la durabilité des ces exploitations, les éleveurs devraient valoriser les points forts des systèmes d'exploitation, résister aux difficultés, faire des ajustements après une perturbation du système et faire des changements dans les exploitations afin de profiter des opportunités.

Organic goat production is poorly developed in Spain. Conventional dairy goat production systems located in Andalusian mountainous areas greatly depend on pasturing which implies that its transformation to organic model is not difficult. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the viability of organic dairy goat farms –as compared to conventional–, and to study the possibilities of transitioning from conventional to organic goat production. This study was carried out in 2006 in Sierra de Cádiz (Andalusia) with the autochthonous breed Payoya. To monitor technico-economic aspects of goat farms, FAO-CIHEAM method was implemented. Results indicate that organic farms are economically viable, due mainly to low costs of external feeds and income from European Union subsidies. For transitioning from conventional to organic dairy goat production a reduction of consumption of concentrates per animal and per year and/or cultivate grain on the farm are necessary. ; La production caprine biologique est encore peu développée en Espagne. Les systèmes caprins laitiers dans les zones de montagne de l'Andalousie disposent de grandes surfaces pour le pâturage, et, par conséquent, il est assez facile de transformer ces systèmes en systèmes biologiques. L'objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer la viabilité des systèmes caprins biologiques par rapport aux systèmes caprins conventionnels et d'étudier les possibilités de conversion des systèmes conventionnels en systèmes biologiques. L'étude a été réalisée en 2006 dans la Sierra de Cádiz (Andalousie) avec une race autochtone (Payoya). On a utilisé la méthodologie FAO-CIHEAM pour le suivi technico-économique des exploitations caprines. Les résultats montrent que les systèmes biologiques sont économiquement viables compte tenu surtout des moindres coûts alimentaires par rapport aux systèmes conventionnels et des aides de l'Union Européenne. Pour réussir la transformation des systèmes laitiers caprins conventionnels en systèmes biologiques, il faut réduire l'apport de concentrés et essayer de les produire dans l'exploitation. ; Junta Andalucía

Extensive livestock systems have decreased in the last decades. In general, these systems are characterized by low profitability, but they have a key role on environment conservation, maintenance of rural population, and health of meat and milk consumers. The present study was carried out in 2017 with 29 livestock farmers in the cold steppe area, Rio Ibáñez District (Comuna de Rio Ibánez), Aysén Region, Chile. The objective of this work was to compare the characteristics of extensive cattle and sheep farms of Southern Chile with a previous study conducted in 2012, assess their sustainability in 2017 and propose improvement actions. The variables studied were included in five attributes according to MESMIS methodology: Productivity, Stability, Adaptability, Equity and Self-management. There were few and circumstantial changes between 2012 and 2017. The global sustainability index was calculated (58%). The values of the five sustainability attributes were 54-64%. The results indicate that livestock farmers carry out valuable practices for sustainability, such as Cattle carry out short seasonal migration, Farmer vaccinates animals, Farmer desparasites animals, Does soil analyses and Farmer has done training courses. The suggested actions to improve sustainability are related to farm and farmer's characteristics, including trading through farmers' associations and off-farm activities. Collaborative work between livestock farmers and government institutions is required to implement the proposed actions. It is also important to raise consumers' awareness of the importance of extensive production systems and the differentiated quality of their products.

This book places identity at the centre of a project to better understand medieval society. By exploring the multiplicity of personal identities, the ways in which these were expressed within particular social structures (such as feudalism), and their evolution into formal expressions of collective identity (municipalities, guilds, nations, and so on) we can shed new light on the Middle Ages. A specific legacy of such developments was that by the end of the Middle Ages, a sense of national identity, supported by the late medieval socio-economic structure, backed in law and by theological, philosophical, and political thought, defined society. What is more, social structures coalesced across diverse elements, including language, group solidarities, and a set of assumed values