Suchergebnisse

The real industrial establishment of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) requires significant advances in economic and chemical sustainability. This work describes a novel and simple method to prepare one of the most widely studied MOF materials, i.e., MIL-100(Fe), which significantly improves the sustainability of the conventional process in several aspects. This MOF material is prepared (i) at room temperature (instead of 150 °C used in the conventional method), (ii) after a few hours (instead of 6 days), (iii) in the absence of any inorganic corrosive acid (significant amounts of HF and HNO3 are used in the conventional method), and (iv) it is washed at room temperature (unlike the washing at 80 °C for 3 h). Interestingly, the only difference in the preparation method of MIL-100(Fe) compared with that of semiamorphous Fe-BTC (MOF material commercialized as Basolite F300 having the same metal and linker, and which can be also prepared under similar sustainable conditions) is to start from Fe(II) or Fe(III) sources, respectively, which opens certain versatility options in the room temperature synthesis procedures of MOF materials. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, Cs-aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These two room-temperature-made Fe-BTC materials were tested in the industrially demanded photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under both ultraviolet and solar light radiation. MIL-100(Fe) was a very active photocatalyst in comparison with its homologue. That difference was mainly attributed to the presence of larger cavities within its structure. ; A.M. acknowledges European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement 312483 - ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative-I3). C.A.D.C. acknowledges Science without Borders - CNPq - Brazil. K.G. and I.D. also acknowledge CSIC for Development Program I-COOP-2014 COOPB20082 project number. This work has been (partially) financed by the Spanish State Research Agency (Agencia Española de Investigación, AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER) through Project MAT2016-77496-R (AEI/FEDER, UE). ; Peer reviewed

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Section I: Background and Review of Related Literature -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General Background -- 1.2 Background to the Ethiopian Higher Education System -- 1.3 The Need for Diversifying the Higher Education System of Ethiopia -- 2 Objectives -- 2.1 General Objective -- 2.2 Specific Objectives -- 3 Expected Outcomes -- 4 Review of Literature -- 4.1 Conceptualizing Differentiation -- 4.2 Importance of Differentiation -- 4.3 National Experience -- 4.4 International Experience -- 4.5 Experience from Selected Countries -- 4.5.1 Africa -- 4.5.1.1 Egypt -- 4.5.1.2 South Africa -- 4.5.1.3 Ghana -- 4.5.1.4 Tanzania -- 4.5.1.5 Pan Africa University (PAU) -- 4.5.2 Asia -- 4.5.2.1 China -- 4.5.2.2 South Korea -- 4.5.2.3 Uzbekistan -- 4.5.3 South America -- 4.5.3.1 Chile -- 4.5.4 Europe -- 4.5.4.1 Germany -- 4.5.4.2 France -- 4.5.4.3 The United Kingdom -- 4.5.5 North American -- 4.5.5.1 The USA -- 4.5.5.2 Canada -- 4.5.6 Summary of Lessons Learnt from the Case Countries -- 4.5.7 International Classification Systems -- 4.5.8 Types of Differentiation -- 4.5.9 Pre-differentiation Actions -- 4.5.10 Enabling Factors and Challenges for Differentiation -- 4.5.10.1 Enabling Factors -- 4.5.10.2 Challenges -- 4.5.11 Key Lessons -- 4.5.11.1 Lessons From National Experience -- 4.5.11.2 Lessons From International Experience -- 5 Developing a Differentiation Model and Standards for Ethiopia -- 5.1 Characteristics of the Ethiopian Higher Education System: A conceptual model for differentiation -- 5.2 Setting Standard for Differentiating HEIs in Ethiopia -- 5.2.1 Suggested Differentiation for the Higher Learning System of Ethiopia -- 5.2.1.1 Research University -- 5.2.1.2 University of Applied Sciences -- 5.2.1.3 Comprehensive University -- 5.2.1.4 TVET Colleges.