Suchergebnisse

Cet article exploratoire offre une réinterprétation de L'Utopie de Thomas More en y problématisant le rôle politique de l'écriture et de la parole. En prenant pour point de départ le concept de voie oblique offert par Abensour, il s'agira de souligner la prédominance de l'oralité dans cette stratégie littéraire. Pour ce faire, trois influences sous-estimées dans les analyses de L'Utopie seront dégagées : le problème de la logographie du Phèdre, l'emploi rhétorique d'une mise en abîme topologique dans le De Republica de Cicéron et les récits modernes sur « les peuples sans écriture » du Nouveau Monde. On pourra enfin saisir comment cette tension entre écriture et parole affecte le questionnement utopiste sur la chose politique. C'est qu'en se faisant parole, l'écriture de L'Utopie produit une stratégie discursive que l'on voit résonner chez d'autres auteurs du XVIe siècle (Machiavel, La Boétie) : elle offre une pensée heuristique sur le possible doublée d'une critique de l'ordre politique de son temps.

THIS ESSAY BRIEFLY EXAMINES THE KINDS OF TERRORISM THAT HAVE OCCURRED IN FRANCE IN THE PAST 20 YEARS AND THE RECENT DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MEASURES TAKEN TO COMBAT THEM. DOMESTICALLY, COUNTERMEASURES INCLUDE LEGISLATIVE AND PROCEDURAL CHANGES AND REORGANIZATION OF POLICE STRUCTURES AND OPERATIONS. ON THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL, INCREASED CO-OPERATION HAS TAKEN PLACE IN THE AREAS OF LEGAL CONVENTIONS, DIPLOMATIC INITIATIVES AND POLICING.

The effect of neighbouring plants on crop root system architecture may directly interfere with water and nutrient acquisition, yet this important and interesting aspect of competition remains poorly understood. Here, the effect of the weed blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots was tested, since a low density of this species (25 plants m-2) can lead to a 10% decrease in wheat yield and herbicide resistance is problematic. We used a simplified growth system based on gelled medium, to grow wheat alongside a neighbour, either another wheat plant, a blackgrass or Brachypodium dystachion individual (a model grass). A detailed analysis of wheat seminal root system architecture showed that the presence of a neighbour principally affected the root length, rather than number or diameter under a high nutrient regime. In particular, the length of first order lateral roots decreased significantly in the presence of blackgrass and Brachypodium. However, this effect was not noted when wheat plants were grown in low nutrient conditions. This suggests that wheat may be less sensitive to the presence of blackgrass when grown in low nutrient conditions. In addition, nutrient availability to the neighbour did not modulate the neighbour effect on wheat root architecture. ; This work was supported by European Union FP7 Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant, the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, the Broodbank Trust and the Newton Trust University of Cambridge.

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.