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The object of this thesis is the spatial dimension of social relationships which obtain in border areas. At the turn of 1990s, new international relations emerged from the collapsed stage of the Eastern bloc and the unsurpassed acceleration of the process of globalization. It was the development of capital without nationality in a world where borders would no longer signify anything. The world of a multitude of nations was coupled with a world in the grip of markets. This new context orientates and influences international politics, the nature and shape of relations between countries and populations, but also, national policies in security, in "management" of immigration and relations to foreigners. In a multiscalar approach and by recourse to various empirical methods (observations, discussions), the practices of the key economic players are studied in several field laboratories: The United States / Mexico, Spain / Morocco, Israel / Lebanon / Palestine. What is the role of borders in production and reproduction of socials relations? What do border relations and social practices of the border space reveal of social relations? What can we understand of balance of power and antipathetic polarity or not between players in asymmetrical situations as part of the social relationship? By a social geography and geopolitical approach, from the spatial dimension (border space) of sociopolitics and economics facts, this thesis proposes an analysis of social relations as a contribution to explaining international relations, conflicts, relationships of dominations and the role of borders asymmetries. ; L'objet de la thèse est la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux qui se manifestent dans les espaces frontaliers. Au tournant des années 1990, de nouvelles relations internationales émergent de la scène écroulée du bloc de l'Est et de l'accélération sans précédent du processus de mondialisation. C'est l'essor du capital sans nationalité dans un monde où les frontières n'auraient plus de sens. Le monde débordant de nations se double d'un monde sous emprise des marchés. Ce contexte oriente, influence les politiques internationales, la nature et la forme des relations entre pays et populations, mais aussi, les politiques nationales en matière de sécurité, de " gestion " de l'immigration et du rapport aux étrangers. De manière multiscalaire et par le recours à diverses méthodes empiriques (observations, entretiens.), les pratiques des acteurs sont étudiées sur plusieurs terrains-laboratoires : États-Unis / Mexique, Espagne / Maroc, Israël / Liban / Palestine. Quel est le rôle des frontières dans la production et la reproduction des rapports sociaux ? Qu'est-ce que les relations frontalières, les pratiques sociales de l'espace frontalier, révèlent des rapports sociaux ? Que peut-on comprendre des rapports de forces et des contradictions antagoniques ou non entre acteurs aux situations asymétriques dans le cadre des rapports sociaux ? Par une approche de géographie sociale et de géopolitique, à partir de la dimension spatiale (espace frontalier) des faits sociopolitiques et économiques la thèse propose une analyse des rapports sociaux pour contribuer à expliquer les relations internationales, les conflits, rapports de dominations et le rôle des asymétries frontalières.

The object of this thesis is the spatial dimension of social relationships which obtain in border areas. At the turn of 1990s, new international relations emerged from the collapsed stage of the Eastern bloc and the unsurpassed acceleration of the process of globalization. It was the development of capital without nationality in a world where borders would no longer signify anything. The world of a multitude of nations was coupled with a world in the grip of markets. This new context orientates and influences international politics, the nature and shape of relations between countries and populations, but also, national policies in security, in "management" of immigration and relations to foreigners. In a multiscalar approach and by recourse to various empirical methods (observations, discussions), the practices of the key economic players are studied in several field laboratories: The United States / Mexico, Spain / Morocco, Israel / Lebanon / Palestine. What is the role of borders in production and reproduction of socials relations? What do border relations and social practices of the border space reveal of social relations? What can we understand of balance of power and antipathetic polarity or not between players in asymmetrical situations as part of the social relationship? By a social geography and geopolitical approach, from the spatial dimension (border space) of sociopolitics and economics facts, this thesis proposes an analysis of social relations as a contribution to explaining international relations, conflicts, relationships of dominations and the role of borders asymmetries. ; L'objet de la thèse est la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux qui se manifestent dans les espaces frontaliers. Au tournant des années 1990, de nouvelles relations internationales émergent de la scène écroulée du bloc de l'Est et de l'accélération sans précédent du processus de mondialisation. C'est l'essor du capital sans nationalité dans un monde où les frontières n'auraient plus de sens. Le monde débordant de nations se double d'un monde sous emprise des marchés. Ce contexte oriente, influence les politiques internationales, la nature et la forme des relations entre pays et populations, mais aussi, les politiques nationales en matière de sécurité, de " gestion " de l'immigration et du rapport aux étrangers. De manière multiscalaire et par le recours à diverses méthodes empiriques (observations, entretiens.), les pratiques des acteurs sont étudiées sur plusieurs terrains-laboratoires : États-Unis / Mexique, Espagne / Maroc, Israël / Liban / Palestine. Quel est le rôle des frontières dans la production et la reproduction des rapports sociaux ? Qu'est-ce que les relations frontalières, les pratiques sociales de l'espace frontalier, révèlent des rapports sociaux ? Que peut-on comprendre des rapports de forces et des contradictions antagoniques ou non entre acteurs aux situations asymétriques dans le cadre des rapports sociaux ? Par une approche de géographie sociale et de géopolitique, à partir de la dimension spatiale (espace frontalier) des faits sociopolitiques et économiques la thèse propose une analyse des rapports sociaux pour contribuer à expliquer les relations internationales, les conflits, rapports de dominations et le rôle des asymétries frontalières.

The object of this thesis is the spatial dimension of social relationships which obtain in border areas. At the turn of 1990s, new international relations emerged from the collapsed stage of the Eastern bloc and the unsurpassed acceleration of the process of globalization. It was the development of capital without nationality in a world where borders would no longer signify anything. The world of a multitude of nations was coupled with a world in the grip of markets. This new context orientates and influences international politics, the nature and shape of relations between countries and populations, but also, national policies in security, in "management" of immigration and relations to foreigners. In a multiscalar approach and by recourse to various empirical methods (observations, discussions), the practices of the key economic players are studied in several field laboratories: The United States / Mexico, Spain / Morocco, Israel / Lebanon / Palestine. What is the role of borders in production and reproduction of socials relations? What do border relations and social practices of the border space reveal of social relations? What can we understand of balance of power and antipathetic polarity or not between players in asymmetrical situations as part of the social relationship? By a social geography and geopolitical approach, from the spatial dimension (border space) of sociopolitics and economics facts, this thesis proposes an analysis of social relations as a contribution to explaining international relations, conflicts, relationships of dominations and the role of borders asymmetries. ; L'objet de la thèse est la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux qui se manifestent dans les espaces frontaliers. Au tournant des années 1990, de nouvelles relations internationales émergent de la scène écroulée du bloc de l'Est et de l'accélération sans précédent du processus de mondialisation. C'est l'essor du capital sans nationalité dans un monde où les frontières n'auraient plus de sens. Le monde débordant de nations se ...

À la fois terrain, enjeu et instrument, la ville est une composante évidente de la problématique du conflit. Cette réflexion géopolitique, partant d'observations et de recherches sur la situation au Proche-Orient, tente d'apporter un éclairage sur les liens existants entre villes et stratégies politiques et militaires. Ce faisant, il s'agit de mesurer la nature complexe, parfois contradictoire mais bien réelle, de ce lien autour duquel se matérialisent les stratégies politiques et militaires, selon des rapports de force changeants. Au cours des conflits qui ont émaillé l'histoire du Proche-Orient, trois axes de la stratégie militaire et politique d'Israël et de ses voisins arabes peuvent être repérés : la guerre ouverte, la zone tampon (ou glacis), l'occupation et l'annexion. Quelle est la place de la ville dans ces axes stratégiques ? Du fait de l'omniprésence de la ville dans ce contexte de guerre, on peut repérer trois situations pour les villes : la ville détruite, la ville occupée, la ville produite. Dans chacun des cas, Beyrouth et plus largement des villes du Liban, les villes palestiniennes ou encore les « villes-colonies », la Homa Oumigdal des implantations juives en Cisjordanie, sont autant d'exemples sur lesquels notre propos s'appuie. Aussi cherchons-nous à montrer comment les villes peuvent matérialiser la dimension spatiale des pensées politique (idéologique) et militaire illustrées par des actes et des faits.

The town is an obvious component of a conflict, being at the same time the battleground, the instrument, & the stake. This reflection, starting from geopolitical observations & research on the situation in the Near East, attempts to shed light on the links between cities, & political & military strategies. In doing so, it is possible to measure the complex, sometimes contradictory but true nature of this link, around which political & military strategies materialize according to changing power relationships. During the conflicts which have punctuated the history of the Near East, three strands of the political & military strategies of Israel & its Arab neighbors can be identified: open warfare, the buffer zone (or glacis), occupation & annexation. What is the place of the city in these strategic axes? The city is omnipresent in the war context, making it possible to identify three situations: the destroyed city, the occupied city, the resulting city. In each case, Beirut & more generally Lebanon's cities, Palestinian cities or "city-colonies," the Homa Oumigdal of Jewish settlements in the West Bank are reliable examples. Thus, we attempt to show how cities can bring about a spatial dimension of thought, both political (ideological) & military, illustrated by deeds & facts. Figures. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; Spatial accessibility to health services is a key factor in terms of public health. Even though some tools are available, establishing accessibility criteria applicable from one geographic scale to another remains difficult. Therefore, we propose a method for creating a health accessibility index applicable on a large geographic scale, based on a methodology that overcomes the limitations of political-administrative divisions and which allows a multi-scalar approach to be implemented. The index highlights, on a national scale, areas of cumulative health disadvantages. This index of accessibility to health care combines accessibility and availability and can be adapted to many geographical scales. As accessibility can be understood in various dimensions, a score could be calculated for various fields such as education and culture. The index can help policymakers to identify under-endowed areas and find optimal locations. In terms of public health, it may be used to understand the mechanisms underlying geographic health disparities.

International audience ; Spatial accessibility to health services is a key factor in terms of public health. Even though some tools are available, establishing accessibility criteria applicable from one geographic scale to another remains difficult. Therefore, we propose a method for creating a health accessibility index applicable on a large geographic scale, based on a methodology that overcomes the limitations of political-administrative divisions and which allows a multi-scalar approach to be implemented. The index highlights, on a national scale, areas of cumulative health disadvantages. This index of accessibility to health care combines accessibility and availability and can be adapted to many geographical scales. As accessibility can be understood in various dimensions, a score could be calculated for various fields such as education and culture. The index can help policymakers to identify under-endowed areas and find optimal locations. In terms of public health, it may be used to understand the mechanisms underlying geographic health disparities.

International audience ; Spatial accessibility to health services is a key factor in terms of public health. Even though some tools are available, establishing accessibility criteria applicable from one geographic scale to another remains difficult. Therefore, we propose a method for creating a health accessibility index applicable on a large geographic scale, based on a methodology that overcomes the limitations of political-administrative divisions and which allows a multi-scalar approach to be implemented. The index highlights, on a national scale, areas of cumulative health disadvantages. This index of accessibility to health care combines accessibility and availability and can be adapted to many geographical scales. As accessibility can be understood in various dimensions, a score could be calculated for various fields such as education and culture. The index can help policymakers to identify under-endowed areas and find optimal locations. In terms of public health, it may be used to understand the mechanisms underlying geographic health disparities.