Suchergebnisse

The decades from 1990 to 2000 were marked in many sub-Saharan African countries by the adoption of neo-liberal policies that were deemed to be conducive to achieving the development goals (MDGs). Senegal and Tanzania are no exception. In the electricity sector, low electrification rates on the one hand, and the inability of public operators to rapidly extend the conventional network on the other, have led their governments to undertake institutional reforms characterised by the liberalisation of the sector and the creation of agencies dedicated to rural electrification. Initially the prerogative of large national or international operators, rural electrification is now open to smaller private operators. With fewer administrative constraints and new sources of funding, liberalisation benefits decentralised solutions (mini-grids and solar home systems in particular). The result, in both countries, is a diversification of the modes of electricity supply based on multiple systems, actors, resources and modes of governance, which coexist locally and which the research analyses as co-production arrangements. Through a multiscalar comparative study conducted in Senegal and Tanzania, in areas of diffuse urbanisation, the thesis proposes a conceptual framework and a methodology to rethink the nature and conditions of provision of an essential service based on the heterogeneous arrangements observed. I mobilise the notion of local supply configurations to understand in a decompartmentalised manner all the electrification solutions present, to understand their interdependencies and to examine the conditions of a possible regulation of the various modes of electricity supply at this scale.By crossing a socio-technical approach of the configurations of electricity access and a socio-economic approach of local electricity markets, the thesis proposes a conceptualisation of the emerging geographies of electricity supply in territories marked by a rapid and diffuse urbanisation. On the one hand, it demonstrates that neoliberal ...

The decades from 1990 to 2000 were marked in many sub-Saharan African countries by the adoption of neo-liberal policies that were deemed to be conducive to achieving the development goals (MDGs). Senegal and Tanzania are no exception. In the electricity sector, low electrification rates on the one hand, and the inability of public operators to rapidly extend the conventional network on the other, have led their governments to undertake institutional reforms characterised by the liberalisation of the sector and the creation of agencies dedicated to rural electrification. Initially the prerogative of large national or international operators, rural electrification is now open to smaller private operators. With fewer administrative constraints and new sources of funding, liberalisation benefits decentralised solutions (mini-grids and solar home systems in particular). The result, in both countries, is a diversification of the modes of electricity supply based on multiple systems, actors, resources and modes of governance, which coexist locally and which the research analyses as co-production arrangements. Through a multiscalar comparative study conducted in Senegal and Tanzania, in areas of diffuse urbanisation, the thesis proposes a conceptual framework and a methodology to rethink the nature and conditions of provision of an essential service based on the heterogeneous arrangements observed. I mobilise the notion of local supply configurations to understand in a decompartmentalised manner all the electrification solutions present, to understand their interdependencies and to examine the conditions of a possible regulation of the various modes of electricity supply at this scale.By crossing a socio-technical approach of the configurations of electricity access and a socio-economic approach of local electricity markets, the thesis proposes a conceptualisation of the emerging geographies of electricity supply in territories marked by a rapid and diffuse urbanisation. On the one hand, it demonstrates that neoliberal ...

11 páginas, 7 figuras -- PAGS nros. 2812-2822 ; Genomic DNA is packed in chromatin fibers organized in higher-order structures within the interphase nucleus. One level of organization involves the formation of chromatin loops that may provide a favorable environment to processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and repair. However, little is known about the mechanistic basis of this structuration. Here we demonstrate that cohesin participates in the spatial organization of DNA replication factories in human cells. Cohesin is enriched at replication origins and interacts with prereplication complex proteins. Down-regulation of cohesin slows down S-phase progression by limiting the number of active origins and increasing the length of chromatin loops that correspond with replicon units. These results give a new dimension to the role of cohesin in the architectural organization of interphase chromatin, by showing its participation in DNA replication ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (J.M., A.L., and I.C.), Consolider Ingenio 2010 and Fundación Caja Madrid (J.M. and A.L.), Comunidad de Madrid (I.C.), and Institut National du Cancer and Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (E.S.). E.G. and V.C. were supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale and Institut National du Cancer, respectively. A.I. was supported by a fellowship from the Basque Government ; Peer reviewed