As Law teachers at Portucalense University, it has been our objective to research the position of our students with regard to human rights and, in particular, on criminal penalties, their forms of execution and security. We previously conducted a first survey addressed to undergraduate students and, for this work, we conducted an identical survey on Brazilian students who attended the teaching part of the master's degree in Legal and Political Sciences specialization, at our University. These students were presently in Portugal. We intend to understand their position on the theme based on their reality experienced in Brazil. The surveys were answered in the classroom, anonymously and freely. The students already have professional experience in the area of legal sciences, varying their ages between 30/40 years. The results of this empirical study showed respondents' sensitivity in human rights matters. Prevention, as an end to sentences, was unanimous. Almost everyone said they felt insecure in their country and most of them had also been victims of crime in their country. The majority of students are in favour of the resocialization of the prisoner imposed by the State. However, in relation to the remaining questions, the answers were diversified. This diversity is explained by motivations of a security nature given the extension of the criminal phenomenon in Brazil.
Following the empirical study on the perception that law school students at the Portucalense University had about the respect for human rights, with regard to the subject of prisoners and the manner in which penalties are enforced, we had the opportunity to inquire in the July 2019 a law class, this time comprising Brazilian students from the most diverse states of Brazil and who went to the Portucalense University in Oporto, Portugal, for the sole purpose of attending the Master of Law course, in the area of specialisation in Political and Legal Sciences. This time the study had the purpose of analysing and studying this class, considering the peculiarity of the sample, with unique characteristics. The surveys were distributed and were answered freely, individually and anonymously by 13 students who were present in a classroom. This is a group of students with a middle age ranging between 30 and 40 years and who already had professional work experience in forensic areas (notaries, judges, lawyers, etc.). We wanted to know to what extent these students were sensitised towards the human rights issues relating to prison sentences, their purposes and ways of execution. We also wanted to verify if the students had in their luggage of knowledge, from the teaching of legal subjects acquired in Brazil, the notions of basic principles regarding to the execution of prison sentences. We concluded that these are students receptive to the principles of human rights related to prisoners and their penalties, unanimously defending the end of preventive penalties, even though only one of them said that he felt safe in his country, besides the remaining 12 demonstrated insecureness and 10 out of those 12 have already been victims of crime in Brazil. On the other hand, we recorded curious outcomes and, sometimes somewhat inconsistent, results that we crossed over so that we can relate them to each other and this can be seen in the rest of the article.
Keywords: Human rights, prison sentences, purposes of the penalties, victims of crime, insecureness.
There are many global problems that children and young people face today, such as new technologies, digitalization and climate changes, among others. These issues represent new threats to youth, but they also constitute new learning opportunities and contacts relevant to their well-being and growth as human beings. In this sense, the European Parliament, in its Resolution on the rights of the child on the 30th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, came to elect inclusion and innovation as the guiding principles of education and training in a world dominated by digital technologies. This study aimed to identify the rights of minors when are using the Internet, the digital platforms and social networks and in all new spaces for digital communication, whether through computers, tablets, smartphones and game consoles. The method consisted of a theoretical and descriptive approach to relevant international instruments for the protection of the rights of children and young people, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the European Social Charter, the European Parliament Resolution and the Council of Europe Strategy on the Rights of the Child (2016-2021). In addition, a critical analysis was carried out, based on the participation of the young people who were also heard, the achievements obtained and the challenges that arise, as well as the concerns and specific needs of adolescence in this area. The results show that the technological means used at the level of personalized education and partnerships between educational establishments have a high potential to combat the inequalities that exist between youth, bridging the digital divide between students from different socio-economic contexts and regions. The digital world presents opportunities, but it also presents risks, namely, harmful content, sexual exploitation, deprivation of privacy and unprotection of personal data, many resulting from the child's own conduct, such as cyber-bullying and self-exposure. Parents and educators feel the inherent difficulties and concerns without knowing how to proceed, digging the generational gap. There is an urgent need to promote access to quality training - "education for digital citizenship" - to combat radicalization and hate speech and ensure the protection of children's rights, promoting more creative, critical and secure digital communication.
A crescente sensação de insegurança da população vai exigindo do poder punitivo estatal um desempenho maior, mais acelerado e eficaz. Esta reivindicação tem vindo a denotar uma evidente determinação no sentido de se obter uma justiça penal dura, rígida e modelar. Nesta linha, o legislador, não imune às reclamações da população, mas também em consequência de populismos triviais, acaba por ceder e introduzir mudanças na lei processual penal, respondendo assim ao fenómeno reivindicativo. Acontece que a tendência punitivista e securitária restringe necessariamente as garantias dos arguidos, que também são cidadãos. E é justamente esta vertente, da discutível trilogia "segurança, liberdade, administração da justiça penal", que é objecto desta reflexão. Daí que tivéssemos tentado dar um contributo, a propósito de algumas alterações da lei processual penal portuguesa, no que respeita às declarações do arguido e ao julgamento em processo sumário, que afectaram alguns direitos deste sujeito processual.
It is up to the State to promote appropriate measures to "guarantee fundamental rights and freedoms and the respect for the principles of a democratic law State", in accordance with Article 9 (b) of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Our objectives were to examine how the Portuguese legislator is attentive to the particularities of being a woman in matters such as hygiene, health, motherhood and parental education during the execution of sentences and we wanted to investigate the mechanisms triggered by the State for protection, as a preventive measure, of women as victims of crimes. We made research, in numerical terms, to know the rate of constituted women accused in criminal proceedings, as well as the number of convicted, from a set of recent and of reference official documentary sources, based on the existing statistical resources. We also made an analysis of the pertinent legislative diplomas, among them, the aforementioned Code of the Execution of Penalties and Freedom Deprivation Measures and the General Regulation of Prison Establishments. The fulfilment of a prison sentence implies vast and varied consequences, from personal to familiar, passing through social and professional consequences, among others. We concluded that compared to the male universe, the number of women accused and convicted is clearly lower. On the other hand, it is women who make up the largest share as victims of certain offenses. According to the 2019 Annual Report, authored by APAV, female victims amounted to 8,394. ; Corresponde al Estado promover las medidas adecuadas para "garantizar los derechos y libertades fundamentales y el respeto de los principios del Estado democrático de derecho", de conformidad con el artículo 9 (b) de la Constitución de la República Portuguesa. Nuestros objetivos fueron examinar cómo la legisladora portuguesa tuvo en cuenta las particularidades de ser mujer en temas como higiene, salud, maternidad y educación de los padres durante la ejecución de las penas y, además, investigamos los mecanismos de protección que dispara el Estado, como medida preventiva, de las mujeres como víctimas de delitos. Realizamos una encuesta, en términos numéricos, indagando la tasa de mujeres constituidas imputadas en procesos penales, así como el número de condenadas, a partir de un conjunto de referencias recientes y fuentes documentales oficiales, en base a los recursos estadísticos existentes. También hicimos una incursión en los diplomas legislativos pertinentes, entre ellos, el citado Código de Ejecución de Penas y Medidas de Privación Penitenciaria y el Reglamento General de Instalaciones Penitenciarias. El cumplimiento de una pena de prisión conlleva vastas y variadas consecuencias, desde consecuencias personales, familiares, sociales y profesionales, entre otras. Concluimos que, en comparación con el universo masculino, el número de mujeres constituidas acusadas y condenadas es claramente menor. Por otro lado, son las mujeres las que constituyen la mayor proporción de víctimas de determinados delitos. Según el Informe Anual de 2019, elaborado por APAV (Asociación Portuguesa de Apoyo a las Víctimas), las víctimas femeninas ascendieron a 8.394. ; Cabe ao Estado promover as diligências adequadas a "garantir os direitos e liberdades fundamentais e o respeito pelos princípios do Estado de direito democrático", em conformidade com a alínea b) do artigo 9.º da Constituição da República Portuguesa. Pretendemos examinar como o legislador português teve em conta as particularidades de ser mulher em questões como a higiene, a saúde, a maternidade e a educação parental na fase da execução das penas e pesquisámos os mecanismos estaduais para a proteção, a título preventivo, das mulheres enquanto vítimas de crimes. Fizemos um levantamento numérico, indagando a taxa de mulheres constituídas arguidas em processos-crime, bem como o número de condenadas, a partir de um conjunto de recentes fontes documentais de referência e oficiais, com base nos recursos estatísticos existentes. Fizemos também uma incursão pelos diplomas legislativos pertinentes, entre eles, o Código da Execução das Penas e Medidas Privativas da Liberdade e o Regulamento Geral dos Estabelecimentos Prisionais. O cumprimento de uma pena de prisão importa vastas e variadas consequências, desde as pessoais, às familiares, passando pelas sociais e profissionais, entre outras. Concluímos que, em comparação com o universo masculino, o número de mulheres constituídas arguidas e condenadas é claramente inferior. Por outro lado, são as mulheres que constituem a maior parcela enquanto vítimas de determinadas infrações. Segundo Relatório Anual de 2019, de autoria da APAV (Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima), as vítimas no feminino ascenderam a 8.394.
It is up to the State to promote appropriate measures to "guarantee fundamental rights and freedoms and the respect for the principles of a democratic law State", in accordance with Article 9 (b) of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. [.]
A educação científica tem sido promovida de forma descontextualizada dos pontos de vista histórico, filosófico e social, além de disseminar as concepções hegemônicas acerca do consumismo e da degradação ambiental. Contudo, estamos vivendo um momento de crise ambiental, que está diretamente relacionada à forma como utilizamos a natureza. Enfrentar esse desafio e mitigar seus efeitos é modificar as relações de exploração entre os indivíduos e os recursos do planeta, sendo uma transformação profundamente ética. Para isso, utilizamos como ferramenta de ensino as questões sociocientíficas, pois, além de permitir esta abordagem contextualizada, também propicia uma abordagem inter ou transdisciplinar do tema tratado. Nossa pesquisa está fundamentada nos referenciais de design educacional e no modelo STEPWISE, além dos referenciais de história e filosofia da ciência, ciência, tecnologia, sociedade e ambiente, questões sociocientíficas e ensino de ética. O presente trabalho, visa, portanto, discutir o quadro teórico, o contexto de pesquisa e a sistematização dos princípios de design que orientarão a construção de uma sequência didática sobre aquecimento global no ensino de biologia, os quais têm o potencial de fomentar as dimensões conceituais, procedimentais e atitudinais dos conteúdos científicos para ações sociopolíticas por estudantes da educação básica.
O uso de creatina difundiu entre atletas tanto amadores, quanto profissionais, com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho em suas atividades. O consumo sem orientação de um profissional qualificado se tornou comum, pois acreditava-se ser isento de riscos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial citotóxico de suplemento a base de creatina usando o teste Allium cepa. Toda metodologia foi desenvolvida no NPReplicon da PUC-GO. Os bulbos das cebolas foram colocados para desenvolver raiz em água destilada até atingirem 1cm que foram retiradas para o controle negativo e, posteriormente, os bulbos foram expostos as concentrações de creatina de 10mg/mL, 15mg/mL e 30mg/mL. Após 24h de exposição, as raízes foram retiradas e coradas com orceína acética e as lâminas preparadas por esmagamento. Foram contados para cada concentração 3000 células para avaliar o índice mitótico, 3000 intérfases para observar a presença de micronúcleo e outras alterações citotóxicas, como células binucleadas e multinucleadas, e 300 metáfases e anáfases para observar erros de migração. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste de Kruskal Wallis. As frequências de células binucleadas foram 0,80, 1,27, 1,70 e 3,00 para o controle e concentrações de 10mg/mL, 15mg/mL e 30mg/mL, respectivamente. Ao comparar os parâmetros de células binucleadas entre o controle e as concentrações foi observado um resultado significativo (p<0,05) nas concentrações de 15 e 30mg/mL. As frequências de células que apresentaram erros de migração (metáfases e anáfases anormais) foram de 0,012, 0,021, 0,021 e 0,027 para o grupo controle,10mg, 15mg e 30mg, respectivamente, caracterizando a ação de microtúbulos despolimerizantes induzida pela exposição das células meristemáticas radiculares de Allium cepa às diferentes concentrações de creatina. O suplemento de creatina, nas condições testadas, induz danos citotóxicos por alterar a dinâmica do ciclo celular, caracterizado pelo aumento de células binucleadas e erros de migração relacionado ao aumento da concentração. Portanto, o suplemento de creatina causa um dano citotóxico e erros de migração ao realizar o teste de Allium cepa, e que esse dano é dose dependente. Recomenda-se a realização de outros testes mutagênicos, especialmente teste in vivo para confirma se o suplemento de creatina também causa danos em seres humanos.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented need for epidemiological monitoring using diverse strategies. We conducted a project combining prevalence, seroprevalence, and genomic surveillance approaches to describe the initial pandemic stages in Betim City, Brazil. We collected 3239 subjects in a population-based age-, sex- and neighborhood-stratified, household, prospective; cross-sectional study divided into three surveys 21 days apart sampling the same geographical area. In the first survey, overall prevalence (participants positive in serological or molecular tests) reached 0.46% (90% CI 0.12–0.80%), followed by 2.69% (90% CI 1.88–3.49%) in the second survey and 6.67% (90% CI 5.42–7.92%) in the third. The underreporting reached 11, 19.6, and 20.4 times in each survey. We observed increased odds to test positive in females compared to males (OR 1.88 95% CI 1.25–2.82), while the single best predictor for positivity was ageusia/anosmia (OR 8.12, 95% CI 4.72–13.98). Thirty-five SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced, of which 18 were classified as lineage B.1.1.28, while 17 were B.1.1.33. Multiple independent viral introductions were observed. Integration of multiple epidemiological strategies was able to adequately describe COVID-19 dispersion in the city. Presented results have helped local government authorities to guide pandemic management.
