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ABSTRACT
The article discusses various types of investor obligations in special economic zones and examines how they are utilized as instruments for devising development policies. It presents the evolution of regulatory models and practices related to investor obligations in the context of the unilateral character of the legal framework of the zones. The article distinguishes between two types of investor obligations. The first includes commitments focused on quantifiable aspects of economic performance of the investor in the host country, such as the maintenance of a pre-determined level of investment or the creation of a specific number of jobs. The second category of investor obligations is those containing qualitative goals that contribute to the host country's developmental objectives, such as workforce welfare commitments, environmental standards, and technology transfers. Case studies of Shenzhen, Poland, and Tanzania are analysed to demonstrate how relevant regulatory practices have evolved over time. The case studies are drawn from three different phases of the global proliferation of special economic zones and reflect the regional diversity of the zones.

Este artículo informa del proyectode investigación en curso en el que se estudia el uso de la lengua delos inmigrantes chinos como usuarios de su lengua heredada enAmberes y Bruselas. Específicamente, estudiamos el paisaje lingüísticode tres barrios étnicos chinos, comparando estas áreas en términosde los diferentes idiomas y dialectos utilizados, y su presenciavisual en el espacio público. Mapeamos la propagación geográfica delos diferentes idiomas en cada localidad y nos centramos en el dominiodel idioma, la traducción mutua en signos multilingües, y el usode diferentes escrituras y sistemas de transliteración. Comparandolos tres barrios y relacionando así sus diferentes paisajes lingüísticoscon sus distintas historias de migración y perfiles demográficos,intentamos mostrar cómo un estudio del paisaje lingüístico puede ser utilizado como una forma de conocer las prácticas lingüísticas degrupos minoritarios relativamente pequeños, como la comunidadchina en Bélgica, que a menudo permanecen invisibles en encuestassociolingüísticas a gran escala.

AbstractMany new university campuses have been built in suburban areas where transit and service facilities are negligible. However, few studies explore the educational and transportation equity issues related to campus location. Based on a 2017 survey comprising 1673 students on 37 campuses in Shanghai, this study applied multilevel models to examine the association between the built environment around campuses and university students' travel behaviors. In particular, we focused on the travel that students undertake for self‐improvement activities (e.g., internships and education‐related activities) because this type of travel plays an important role in improving students' abilities and promoting their career development. We found that students on suburban campuses, which are characterized by being farther away from the city center, being single land use, and having fewer transit services, engage in fewer and longer trips to self‐improvement destinations. However, students studying on urban campuses, which are characterized by mixed land use and greater accessibility to the city center and subway service, engage in more frequent and shorter trips to self‐improvement destinations. Therefore, students on suburban campuses are at a disadvantage regarding educational opportunities and access to transportation to engage in self‐improvement activities off campus.

In this study we built on scarcity theory, to conduct two experiments in which we investigated the influence of arbitrary numbers we inserted into brand names of luxury products. In Study 1 we recruited 68 consumers who were each assigned to one of two groups (small number or big number
for brand name), in order to test consumers' preferences for luxury brands with names of different number magnitudes. The results revealed that a product with a small number in the brand name was received more favorably than was a product with a big number in the name. Scarcity mediated
the relationship between number magnitude and preference. In Study 2 we tested the moderating role of involvement. Number magnitude of the brand name influenced preference through scarcity when involvement was high but not when it was low. Thus, we found that numbers in the name of a luxury
brand arbitrarily impacted consumers' perceptions of scarcity, which influenced their preference in regard to brand. This relationship was moderated by involvement. The results suggest that manufacturers of luxury brands should use a small number in their brand name, and should increase
the degree of consumer involvement to elevate consumer preference for the brand.