Suchergebnisse

AbstractBased on an evaluation of three methods adopted by current empirical analysis of corruption, this article argues for a statistical analysis method of studying corruption cases. It adopts three new indicators: the latency period of corruption, the number of newly occurring corruption cases and the cumulative number of cases. By applying these indicators to an analysis of 594 major corruption cases, the article develops a new method to describe the position of corruption in transitional China, and presents new evidence on characteristics and trends of corruption and its relation with China's economic transition.

Corruption in transition economies has become the very focus of many recent discussions on politics and economics. However, the existing research has not taken full account of the experience of the gradual transition countries, especially China, and the incentives for rent creation in the transition process. Based on existing studies in this field, this paper addresses a new category of corruption in transition economies. In the context of the rent seeking theory, the authors examine what they regard as a unique type of corruption in China—administrative monopoly (AM), and outline its essence, causes, forms, features, the scale of the rent created, and the dissipation of the rent.

Corruption in transition economies has become the very focus of many recent discussions on politics & economics. However, the existing research has not taken full account of the experience of the gradual transition countries, especially China, & the incentives for rent creation in the transition process. Based on existing studies in this field, this paper addresses a new category of corruption in transition economies. In the context of the rent seeking theory, the authors examine what they regard as a unique type of corruption in China -- administrative monopoly (AM), & outline its essence, causes, forms, features, the scale of the rent created, & the dissipation of the rent. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 20 References. [Copyright 2004 The Regents of the University of California; published by Elsevier Ltd.]

AbstractElectrocatalytic technologies play a vital role in the advancement of hydrogen energy and other renewable green energy sources, with nanocatalysts gaining significant attention due to their size-dependent electrocatalytic activity and broad applications. Single-particle electrochemistry offers a powerful approach to investigate the intrinsic catalytic activity and electrocatalytic mechanisms of individual nanoscale systems, thereby enabling a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationship at the nanoscale. In this review, several cutting-edge high-resolution techniques for examining local reactivity at the single-particle level are discussed, such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), single-particle collision technique, and single-atom/molecule electrochemistry. We begin by concisely elucidating the working principles of these advanced electrochemical methodologies. Subsequently, we present recent advancements in high-resolution electrochemical techniques for characterizing electrocatalysis in detail with valuable insights into the local activity of various catalysts. In future research, the integration of multiple technologies through collaborative analysis is anticipated to further unveil the catalytic active sites of electrocatalysts with intricate structures and facilitate quantitative investigations of complex reaction processes.

Este artículo analiza la política económica exterior de China en Latinoamérica y el Caribe transversalizada por las relaciones comerciales, así como la naturaleza y los patrones de Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED). Basado en las estadísticas y datos hasta el año 2013, este trabajo también revisa el debate sobre si los impactos de las relaciones económicas entre China y América Latina han sido positivos o negativos para la región. Una vez aclarada la estructura de las relaciones económicas, este estudio sostiene que los países latinoamericanos que hacen hincapié en los efectos económicos positivos de China han sido demasiado optimistas y terminan reforzando la teoría centro-periferia, en la cual la competitividad china en la fabricación de productos manufacturados perpetúa la situación de una América Latina especializada en productos primarios. Esta situación se exacerba cuando se añade el flujo de IED chino destinado mayoritariamente a actividades extractivistas.