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Abstract During the second half of the twentieth century economists have build newer models of economic growth that consider policy influences of growth and divergent outcomes among countries. These models addresses issues concerning economic growth, operation of financial markets, trade policy, government expenditures, and taxation. In this essay we have revisited the interdependence of political and economic institutions, taking the neoclassical growth model of Solow (1956) as a point of departure, which maintains that long run economic growth can be explained by capital accumulation, population growth and technological progress. We first discuss the evolution of the neoclassical school of economics in a historical context, and the role of various institutions in engendering economic growth. Subsequently the role of government spending, political stability, property rights and special interest groups (SIG's) affect economic growth have been discussed, and how these institutions can explain different countries to grow at divergent rates and achieve different levels of wealth.

PurposeThe paper aims to provide business process designers a formal yet user friendly technique to evaluate the implications of a process design on process performance even before its implementation.Design/methodology/approachBased on practical experience, the paper has built on past research to hypothesize structural metrics for business processes that help assess the influence of process design on organizational goals.FindingsThis paper suggests a list of structural metrics that can be used to approximate common performance goals (i.e. soft goals) at the stage of process design. Distinct views for process depiction are discussed to explain how each metric can be calculated and what kind of performance goals it can approximate.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper has assumed an intuitive relationship between process structure and process performance which has to be validated empirically. There is scope for developing formal methods to translate changes in structural metrics to monetary value for business and also to refine the structural metrics further if required.Practical implicationsThe suggested list of structural metrics and the corresponding process views can be used to compare process design alternatives to select a process design better aligned to organization goals.Originality/valueA list of structural metrics based on practical experience can be easily applied by business process designers to create a formal yet user friendly approach for process design evaluation.

The World Health Organization has unanimously accepted the four dimensions of complete human health, say it mental, physical, social and spiritual health for overall well-being. Due to the present pandemic of Covid-19, the mental and spiritual health of an individual is completely disturbed. The present article is a trial enough to establish the effect of Sanskrit Vedic Mantra and Yajna, an ancient Hindu science of upliftment of consciousness and to heal self by sound science and heat and light. The article demonstrates the effect of Mantra chanting on different age and gender, rural and urban, different age group people on human consciousness and mental peace and spiritual wellbeing. It presents the effect of Sound science and mantra science over the human mind and body to relax after the stress of Covid-19, a nightmare for the world of the 21st century.