Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 ◾ Light Pollution and Prevention: An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Various Sources Responsible for Light Pollution -- 1.2 The Adverse Impact of Light Pollution -- 1.2.1 Increasing Energy Consumption -- 1.2.2 Ecosystem and Wildlife Disruption -- 1.2.3 The Demise of Baby Turtles -- 1.2.4 Impact on Aquatic Life -- 1.2.5 Devastating Effects of Artificial Light on Bird Species -- 1.2.6 Devastating Effects of Artificial Lights on Plants -- 1.2.7 Devastating Effects of Artificial Lights on Insects -- 1.2.8 Impact on Human Health -- 1.3 Prevention Techniques -- 1.3.1 Smart Cities -- 1.3.2 Smart Lighting -- 1.3.3 Use of LED Light -- 1.4 Innovation Based on Smart Lighting to Reduce Light Pollution -- 1.4.1 Light-Emitting Diode -- 1.4.2 Smart Street Lighting -- 1.4.3 Wireless Communication Technology Lighting -- 1.4.4 Luminaries -- 1.4.5 Artificial Intelligence-Based Lighting -- 1.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Prevention of Light Pollution -- 1.6 Mitigating Light Pollution by Altering Outdoor Lighting -- 1.6.1 Employ LPS or LED Lights -- 1.6.2 The Light Should Be Directed Where It is Required -- 1.6.3 Lights with Bulb Caps and Shields Should Be Purchased -- 1.6.4 Direct the Light From Your Outdoor Lights Downward -- 1.6.5 Install Lights that Detect Movement -- 1.6.6 Smart Lighting Should Be Installed -- 1.7 Initiatives to Prevent Light Pollution -- 1.8 Challenges and Future Outlooks -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 ◾ Freeform Optics/Nonimaging: An Introduction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Design and Working Principle of Free Form -- 2.3 Nonimaging Optics for the Solution of Light Pollution -- 2.4 Freeform Optics in Optical Industries -- 2.5 Freeform Optics in Street Light and Automobile Transportation.

"This book covers the current-state-of-the-art hybrid nanomaterials based on metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical monitoring purposes"--

The formation of solid solutions represents a robust strategy for modulating the electronic properties and improving the electrochemical performance of spinel ferrites. However, solid solutions have been predominantly prepared via wet chemical routes, which involve the use of harmful and/or expensive chemicals. In the present study, a facile, inexpensive and environmentally benign solventless route is employed for the composition-controlled synthesis of nanoscopic Ni1−xCoxFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) solid solutions. The physicochemical characterization of the samples was performed by p-XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, TEM, HRTEM and UV-Vis techniques. A systematic investigation was also carried out to elucidate the electrochemical performance of the prepared nanospinels towards energy generation and storage. Based on the results of CV, GCD, and stability tests, the Ni0.4Co0.6Fe2O4 electrode showed the highest performance for the supercapacitor electrode exhibiting a specific capacitance of 237 F g−1, superior energy density of 10.3 W h kg−1 and a high power density with a peak value of 4208 W kg−1, and 100% of its charge storage capacity was retained after 4000 cycles with 97% coulombic efficiency. For HER, the Ni0.6Co0.4Fe2O4 and CoFe2O4 electrodes showed low overpotentials of 168 and 169 mV, respectively, indicating better catalytic activity. For OER, the Ni0.8Co0.2Fe2O4 electrode exhibited a lower overpotential of 320 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of 79 mV dec−1, demonstrating a fast and efficient process. These results indicated that nanospinel ferrite solid solutions could be employed as promising electrode materials for supercapacitor and water splitting applications. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 847413 for funding. Scientific work published as part of an international co-financed project founded from the programme of the Minister of Science and Higher Education entitled "PMW" in the years 2020 - 2024; agreement no. 5005/H2020-MSCA-COFUND/2019/2.

The development of cost-effective, functional materials that can be efficiently used for sustainable energy generation is highly desirable. Herein, a new molecular precursor of bismuth (tris(selenobenzoato)bismuth(III), [Bi(SeOCPh)3]), has been used to prepare selectively Bi or Bi2Se3 nanosheets via a colloidal route by the judicious control of the reaction parameters. The Bi formation mechanism was investigated, and it was observed that the trioctylphosphine (TOP) plays a crucial role in the formation of Bi. Employing the vapor deposition method resulted in the formation of exclusively Bi2Se3 films at different temperatures. The synthesized nanomaterials and films were characterized by p-XRD, TEM, Raman, SEM, EDX, AFM, XPS, and UV–vis spectroscopy. A minimum sheet thickness of 3.6 nm (i.e., a thickness of 8–9 layers) was observed for bismuth, whereas a thickness of 4 nm (i.e., a thickness of 4 layers) was observed for Bi2Se3 nanosheets. XPS showed surface oxidation of both materials and indicated an uncapped surface of Bi, whereas Bi2Se3 had a capping layer of oleylamine, resulting in reduced surface oxidation. The potential of Bi and Bi2Se3 nanosheets was tested for overall water-splitting application. The OER and HER catalytic performances of Bi2Se3 indicate overpotentials of 385 mV at 10 mA cm–2 and 220 mV, with Tafel slopes of 122 and 178 mV dec–1, respectively. In comparison, Bi showed a much lower OER activity (506 mV at 10 mA cm–2) but a slightly better HER (214 mV at 10 mA cm–2) performance. Similarly, Bi2Se3 nanosheets were observed to exhibit cathodic photocurrent in photoelectrocatalytic activity, which indicated their p-type behavior. ; the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 847413 for funding. Scientific work published as part of an international co-financed project founded from the programme of the Minister of Science and Higher Education entitled "PMW" in the years 2020 - 2024; agreement no. ...

Ternary metal sulfides are currently in the spotlight as promising electroactive materials for high-performance energy storage and/or conversion technologies. Extensive research on metal sulfides has indicated that, amongst other factors, the electrochemical properties of the materials are strongly influenced by the synthetic protocol employed. Herein, we report the electrochemical performance of uncapped NiCo2S4 and CuCo2S4 ternary systems prepared via solventless thermolysis of the respective metal ethyl xanthate precursors at 200 and 300 °C. The structural, morphological and compositional properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were examined by powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Electrochemical studies indicate that NiCo2S4 nanoparticles synthesized at 300 °C exhibit superior energy storage characteristics with a high specific capacitance of ca. 2650 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1, as compared to CuCo2S4 nanoparticles, which showcased a specific capacitance of ca. 1700 F g−1 at the same scan rate. At a current density of 0.5 A g−1, NiCo2S4 and CuCo2S4 nanoparticles displayed specific capacitances of 1201 and 475 F g−1, respectively. In contrast, CuCo2S4 nanoparticles presented a higher electrocatalytic activity with low overpotentials of 269 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and 224 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), at 10 mA cm−2. The stability of the catalysts was examined for 2000 cycles in which a negligible change in both OER and HER activities was observed. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 847413 for funding. Scientific work published as part of an international co-financed project founded from the programme of the Minister of Science and Higher Education entitled "PMW" in the years 2020 - 2024; agreement no. 5005/H2020-MSCA-COFUND/2019/2.