Suchergebnisse

Cities can only exist because of the highly developed systems which underlie them, ensuring that energy, clean water, etc. are moved efficiently from producer to user, and that waste is removed. The urgent need to make the way that these services are provided more environmentally, socially and economically sustainable means that these systems are in a state of transition; from centralized to decentralized energy; from passive to smart infrastructure; from toll-free to road pricing. Such transitions are widely studied in the context of the influence of service providers, users, and regulators.

The author engages with debates about buildings, energy efficiency, and the innovation process—issues that are of great significance for urban sustainability because buildings are such an important constituent of urban energy consumption. Within this context, the author explores what it might mean to develop an interdisciplinary understanding of technical change. Questioning conventional accounts, he develops a sociotechnical perspective on competing energy knowledges and contexts of design, development, and consumption. It is argued that energy research and policy-making for the built environment is underpinned by a common understanding of technical change, which fails to take account of the contextual nature of energy-related choice. Describing cultural, organisational, and commercial factors shaping technological innovation, the author explores how more-or-less energy-efficient choices influencing urban development are made in response to changing opportunities and practices which sometimes favor energy efficiency, sometimes not. The author draws upon sociological accounts of technical change and illustrates both a sociotechnical perspective on energy and buildings and a key role for sociologists in the field of architecture, energy, and environmental studies.

This paper maps some of the social and commercial forces shaping the debate around 'realistic' or 'appropriate' levels of energy specification in the commercial office market. It discusses how the dynamics of the market, alternative lease arrangements, enhanced building management standards, technological innovation and shifts in cultural taste are all redefining contemporary office space and presenting new opportunities for environmental innovation. Drawing upon interviews with developers, investors, agents, occupiers and property researchers in Britain and France, the changing, often conflicting, priorities underpinning decisions about energy standards are explored. The paper explores possible 'futures' for office development processes in the United Kingdom. Highlighting the ebb and flow of the market, the paper points to the changing nature of tenant demand and current 'opportunities' for the development of alternative, more 'realistic' energy specification levels. Looking beyond the current property slump it examines the cultural and structural shifts likely to sustain any reformation of British real estate practices. In particular, the paper highlights contemporary debates around transformation of the institutional lease and legislative codification of energy and environmental standards. It is argued that this loose constellation of social forces promises a significant, new mutuality of interests between developers and occupiers which is cultivating 'appropriate' specification and procurement practices.Cet article retrace certaines des formes sociales et commerciales qui modèlent le débat sur les niveaux 'réalistes' ou 'appropriés' de spécification de l'énergie dans le marché des bureaux commerciaux. Il explique comment les dynamiques du marché, l'organisation alternative du bail, une meilleure gestion des immeubles, la nouveauté technologique et le changement des goûts culturels redéfinissent l'espace contemporain du bureau et présentent de nouvelles opportunités d'innovation de l'environnement. M'appuyant sur des entrevues avec des promoteurs, des agents, des occupants et des chercheurs sur les propriétés immobilières en Grande‐Bretagne et en France, j'examine les priorités changeantes et souvent contradictoires qui supportent les décisions quant aux niveaux d'énergie. Cet article explore les 'futurs' possibles pour les processus de développement des bureaux au Royaume Uni. Soulignant le va et vient du marché, cet article démontre la nature changeante de la demande des locataires et les 'opportunités' actuelles quant au développement de niveaux alternatifs et plus 'réalistes' de spécification de l'énergie. En regardant par delà l'effrondement actuel du marché immobilier, il examine les mouvements culturels et structuraux qui pourraient supporter une réforme des pratiques des agents immobiliers britanniques. Cet article souligne en particulier les débats contemporains sur la transformation du bail institutionnel et la codification législative de la qualité de l'environnement et de l'énergie. Je soutiens que cette constellation décousue de forces sociales promet une nouvelle et significative mutualité d'intérêts entre les promoteurs et les occupants qui cultive les spécifications 'appropriées' et les pratiques d'acquisition.

The past 15 years have seen an enormous shift in the regulation and management of infrastructure networks in the UK. Complex patchworks of competitive gas, electricity, water and telecom providers are replacing the relatively uniform, monopolistic and monolithic regimes of the post-war period. These changes have major, but poorly explored, implications for the economic, social and environmental development of British cities. In this context, the current paper aims critically to problematise the conventional approach of urban analysts to the development of urban technical networks. We do this in four parts. First, we develop a sympathetic critique of existing conceptual approaches to the study of urban technical networks. Secondly, we analyse the transformation of urban technical systems in the UK since the implementation of the Conservatives' privatisation process of the 1980s. In particular, we focus on the 'splintering' of infrastructure networks and the creation of complex new 'patchworks' of urban technical systems. Thirdly, we build upon this analysis to identify the social, economic and environmental logics emerging from this process of rapid change. Finally, we draw together the implications of the splintering process for the governance of British cities.

This book presents for the first time an interdisciplinary view of property development and property developers. Fourteen contributor are brought together here from leading researchers and respected practitioners, including property analysts, economists, geographers, planners and sociologists. This rounded picture of property research explores: * the development of quantitative and qualitative research methods * theories ranging from mainstream economics to social constructivism * the inter-relationships between the economic and the social, and between individuals and organisations and their e

1.Approaching development /Simon Guy and John Henneberry --2.The market context of property development activity /Eamonn D'Arcy and Geoffrey Keogh --3.Modelling the development sector of the property market /Tony McGough and Sotiris Tsolacos --4.Market research for office real estate /Richard Barkham --5.The financial appraisal of development projects /Stuart Morley --6.Developers' decisions and property market behaviour /John Henneberry and Steven Rowley --7.The organisation of property development professions and practices /Michael Ball --8.The impact of land management and development strategies on urban redevelopment prospects /David Adams, Alan Disberry and Norman Hutchison /[and others].