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This text examines Immanuel Kant's impact on moral philosophy from his time to our own. Kant's moral philosophy can seem complicated, but at the most basic level it is driven by the simple idea that the greatest possible freedom for each combined with an equal degree of freedom for all is the fundamental principle of philosophy.

Reason and Experience in Mendelssohn and Kant provides the first in-depth examination of the lifelong intellectual relationship between two of the greatest figures of the European Enlightenment, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786). Both were engaged in a common project of striking the right balance between rationalism and empiricism. They sometimes borrowed from one another, often disagreed with one another, and can usefully be compared even when they did not directly interact. Guyer examines a series of comparisons and contrasts: their arguments and conclusions on a range of metaphysical issues, including proofs of the existence of God, immortality, and idealism; their shared interests in aesthetics; and their path-breaking work on the "religion of reason" and the separation of church and state. Setting the work of both philosophers in historical context, Guyer shows that, where Kant sometimes provides deeper insight into the underlying structure of human thought, Mendelssohn is often the deeper student of the variety of human experience. This is evident above all in their treatments of aesthetics and religion: Mendelssohn recognizes more deeply than Kant the emotional impact of art, and while Kant imagines that organized religion will one day be superseded by pure morality, Mendelssohn argued that organized religion in all its varieties seems here to stay, and so toleration for religious variety is an inescapable requirement of human morality. Based on an exhaustive study of a wide range of texts, this study demonstrates the on-going relevance of Kant and Mendelssohn to modern thought

Kant claims that the fundamental principle of morality is given by pure reason itself. Many have interpreted Kant to derive this principle from a conception of pure practical reason (as opposed to merely prudential reasoning about the most effective means to empirically given ends). But Kant maintained that there is only one faculty of reason, although with both theoretical and practical applications. This Element shows how Kant attempted to derive the fundamental principle and goal of morality from the general principles of reason as such, defined by the principles of non-contradiction and sufficient reason and the ideal of systematicity.

"The essays collected in this volume by Paul Guyer, one of the world's foremost Kant scholars, explore Kant's attempt to develop a morality grounded on the intrinsic and unconditional value of the human freedom to set our own ends. When regulated by the principle that the freedom of all is equally valuable, the freedom to set our own ends - what Kant calls "humanity" - becomes what he calls autonomy. These essays explore Kant's strategies for establishing the premise that freedom is the inner worth of the world or the essential end of humankind, as he says, and for deriving the specific duties that fundamental principle of morality generates in the empirical circumstances of human existence. 'The Virtues of Freedom' further investigates Kant's attempts to prove that we are always free to live up to this moral ideal, that is, that we have free will no matter what, as well as his more successful explorations of the ways in which our natural tendencies to be moral - dispositions to the feeling of respect and more specific feelings such as love and self-esteem - can and must be cultivated and educated.0Guyer finally examines the various models of human community that Kant develops from his premise that our associations must be based on the value of freedom for all. The contrasts but also similarities of Kant's moral philosophy to that of David Hume but many of his other predecessors and contemporaries, such as Stoics and Epicureans, Pufendorf and Wolff, Hutcheson, Kames, and Smith, are also explored

This volume of essays by one of the world's foremost Kant scholars explores the efforts of the great Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) to construct a moral philosophy based on the premise that the most fundamental value for human beings is their freedom to set their own ends

"Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, first published in 1781, is one of the landmarks of Western philosophy, a radical departure from everything that went before and an inescapable influence on all philosophy since its publication. In this massive work, Kant has three aims. First, he constructs a new theory of knowledge that delivers certainty about the fundamental principles of human experience at the cost of knowledge of how things are in themselves. Second, he delivers a devastating critique of traditional "speculative" metaphysics on the basis of his new theory of knowledge. Third, he suggests how the core beliefs of the Western metaphysical tradition that cannot be justified as theoretical knowledge can, nevertheless, be justified as objects of "moral faith" because they are the necessary conditions of the possibility of moral agency. Kant started this third project in the Critique of Pure Reason but would go on to complete it in two other works, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of the Power of Judgment. The Cambridge Companion to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is the first collective commentary on this work in English. The seventeen chapters have been written by an international team of scholars, including some of the best-known figures in the field as well as emerging younger talents. The first two chapters situate Kant's project against the background of Continental rationalism and British empiricism, the dominant schools of early modern philosophy. Eleven chapters then expound and assess all the main arguments of the Critique. Finally, four chapters recount the enormous influence of the Critique on subsequent philosophical movements, including German Idealism and Neo-Kantianism, twentieth-century Continental philosophy, and twentieth century Anglo-American analytic philosophy. The book concludes with an extensive bibliography"--

Immanuel Kant famously said that he was awoken from his ""dogmatic slumbers,"" and led to question the possibility of metaphysics, by David Hume's doubts about causation. Because of this, many philosophers have viewed Hume's influence on Kant as limited to metaphysics. More recently, some philosophers have questioned whether even Kant's metaphysics was really motivated by Hume. In Knowledge, Reason, and Taste, renowned Kant scholar Paul Guyer challenges both of these views. He argues that Kant's entire philosophy--including his moral philosophy, aesthetics, and teleology, as well as his metap

The starry heavens and the moral law /Paul Guyer --"A priori" /Philip Kitcher --Kant on the perception of space [and time] /Gary Hatfield --Kant's philosophy of mathematics /Lisa Shabel --Kant on a priori concepts: The metaphysical deduction of the categories /Béatrice Longuenesse --Kant's philosophy of the cognitive mind /Patricia Kitcher --Kant's proofs of substance and causation /Arthur Melnick --Kant and transcendental arguments /Ralph C.S. Walker --The critique of metaphysics: The structure and fate of Kant's dialectic /Karl Ameriks --Philosophy of natural science /Michael Friedman --The supreme principle of morality /Allen W. Wood --Kant on freedom of the will /Henry E. Allison --Mine and thine? The Kantian state /Robert B. Pippin --Kant on sex and marriage right /Jane Kneller --Kant's theory of peace /Pauline Kleingeld --Kant's conception of virtue /Lara Denis --Kant's ambitions in the third Critique /Paul Guyer --Moral faith and the highest good /Frederick C. Beiser --Kant's critical philosophy and its reception, the first five years (1781-1786) /Manfred Kuehn.

The starry heavens and the moral law /Paul Guyer --"A priori" /Philip Kitcher --Kant on the perception of space [and time] /Gary Hatfield --Kant's philosophy of mathematics /Lisa Shabel --Kant on a priori concepts: The metaphysical deduction of the categories /Béatrice Longuenesse --Kant's philosophy of the cognitive mind /Patricia Kitcher --Kant's proofs of substance and causation /Arthur Melnick --Kant and transcendental arguments /Ralph C.S. Walker --The critique of metaphysics: The structure and fate of Kant's dialectic /Karl Ameriks --Philosophy of natural science /Michael Friedman --The supreme principle of morality /Allen W. Wood --Kant on freedom of the will /Henry E. Allison --Mine and thine? The Kantian state /Robert B. Pippin --Kant on sex and marriage right /Jane Kneller --Kant's theory of peace /Pauline Kleingeld --Kant's conception of virtue /Lara Denis --Kant's ambitions in the third Critique /Paul Guyer --Moral faith and the highest good /Frederick C. Beiser --Kant's critical philosophy and its reception, the first five years (1781-1786) /Manfred Kuehn.

The philosophy of Immanuel Kant is the watershed of modern thought, which irrevocably changed the landscape of the field and prepared the way for all the significant philosophical movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This 2006 volume, which complements The Cambridge Companion to Kant, covers every aspect of Kant's philosophy, with a particular focus on his moral and political philosophy. It also provides detailed coverage of Kant's historical context and of the enormous impact and influence that his work has had on the subsequent history of philosophy. The bibliography also offers extensive and organized coverage of both classical and recent books on Kant. This volume thus provides the broadest and deepest introduction currently available on Kant and his place in modern philosophy, making accessible the philosophical enterprise of Kant to those coming to his work for the first time.