Suchergebnisse

Abstract
This article illustrates the significance and dimensions of administrative multinormativity by using the example of the Charité hospital in Berlin that served as a military and civilian medical teaching facility as well as a municipal hospital. The starting point is a report on the structural conditions of the Charité in the mid-1830s that was used to apply for additional financial resources. The article describes the processes that followed the application, analyses the competing public-state, medical, administrative, and economic norms and conflicting rationalities, and discusses how these conflicts were dealt with and what attempts were made to reconcile the different principles and expectations.

After a smallpox epidemic in Germany in the early 1870s in the wake of the Franco-German War, smallpox vaccination became compulsory by Imperial Law in 1874. The act was hotly debated in parliament and in public and earlier resistance against vaccination developed into a political anti-vaccination movement. For this reason, the German government adopted a number of safety measures. The current article describes, firstly, vaccination practices, regulations and policies in the German states up to the 1870s and the biopolitical developments that led to the Imperial Law on compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1874. Secondly, the article sketches the public debate and critique regarding vaccination asking why compulsory vaccination succeeded in Germany. The article describes the measures implemented by the German government to promote compulsory vaccination and acceptance of the Imperial Law: initially, smallpox vaccines were manufactured by state-run production sites and supervised by local authori­ties. Empire-wide statistics were collated documenting the success of vaccination as well as related side-effects. From a government perspective, these precautions could be interpreted as a technology of trust. ; Después de una epidemia de viruela en Alemania a principios de la década de 1870 a raíz de la guerra francoalemana, la vacuna antivariólica se hizo obligatoria por Ley Imperial en 1874. La ley se debatió acaloradamente en el parlamento y en pú­blico, y la resistencia ya existente contra la vacunación se convirtió en un movimiento político antivacunas. Por ello, el gobierno alemán adoptó una serie de medidas de seguridad. El artículo actual describe, en primer lugar, las prácticas, regulaciones y políti­cas de vacunación en los estados alemanes hasta la década de 1870, y los desarrollos biopolíticos que llevaron a la Ley Imperial sobre la vacunación antivariólica obligatoria en 1874. En segundo lugar, se esbozan el debate público y la crítica sobre la vacunación, preguntando por qué la vacunación obligatoria tuvo ...

"For the first time in August 1894, phials of anti-diphtheria serum went on sale in German pharmacies. Anti-diphtheria serum was a major therapeutic innovation in the treatment of a terrible infectious disease. The anti-diphtheria serum also signalled the evolution of new regulatory institutions, as well as new markets in industrially produced pharmaceutics. The new serum therapy offered not only a cure for diphtheria and other fatal infectious diseases, but also promised high profits for the manufacturers who could stabilize the production process. It attracted the state's attention for a number of reasons: the ambiguous legal situation, the production of serum for the free market and the prospect of high profits for the serum industry, and finally the novelty of serum therapy itself and the lack of information about its long-term effects. Drawing on concepts from economic sociology, I will argue that the evolving serum market was formatted by state authorities from the very first moment. This regulation was not imposed by 'the state' but negotiated among actors like state officials, medical and public health professionals, and serum producers." (author's abstract)

The development, production and state regulation of diphtheria serum is outlined against the background of industrialisation, standardization, falling standards of living and rising social conflict in fin de siècle Germany. On one hand, diphtheria serum offered a cure for an infectious disease and was a major therapeutic innovation in modern medicine. On the other hand, the new serum was a remedy of biological origin and nothing was known about its side effects or long-term impact. Moreover, serum therapy promised high profits for manufacturers who succeeded in stabilizing the production process and producing large quantities of serum in so-called industrial production plants. To minimize public health risks, a broad system of state regulation was installed, including the supervision of serum production and distribution. The case of diphtheria serum illustrates the indirect forms of government supervision and influence adopted in the German Empire and the cooperation and networking among science, state and industry.

Whether in the Swiss countryside or in a doctor's office in Boston, in German, English or French hospitals or within multinational organizations, with early vaccinations or with new pharmaceuticals from Big Pharma today, or in early modern Saxon mining towns or in Prussian military healthcare - for at least 500 years, accounting has been an essential part of medical practice with significant moral, social and epistemological implications. Covering the period between 1500-2000, the book examines in short case studies the importance of calculative practices for medicine in very different contexts. Thus, Accounting for Health offers a synopsis of the extent to which accounting not only influenced medical practices over centuries, but shaped modern medicine as a whole.This book is relevant to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3, Good health and well-being

Suspicious bats, culled mink, valuable monkeys, and vaccinated tigers: the recent global pandemic has demonstrated the close interconnectedness of animal and human lives in the modern world. The human attribution of epidemic agency to animals has a long historical tradition, as narratives about animal diseases in antiquity already attest. The contributions to this volume focus on animals as victims, hosts, or vectors of dangerous diseases - or, since the late eighteenth century, also as producers of vaccines and test bodies for new medicines. They also show how epistemic breaks such as the bacteriological turn around 1900 led to large-scale extermination campaigns against rats and other "pests". The changing role of non-human beings in epidemics thus reflects both long continuities and fundamental shifts in relations between humans and other animals.Verdächtige Fledermäuse, gekeulte Zuchtnerze, wertvolle Versuchsaffen und geimpfte Tiger im Zoo: Die jüngste globale Pandemie hat neben der Vulnerabilität von modernen Gesellschaften auch die enge Verflochtenheit von tierlichem und menschlichem Leben eindrücklich vor Augen geführt. Die menschliche Zuschreibung von Akteursrollen von Tieren in Epidemien hat eine lange historische Tradition, wie bereits Erzählungen über Tierseuchen in der Antike belegen. Die Beiträge des Bandes legen den Fokus auf Tiere als Opfer, Wirte oder Überträger von gefährlichen Krankheiten - oder seit dem späten 18. Jahrhundert auch als Produzenten von Impfungen und Testkörper für Heilstoffe. Sie zeigen zudem auf, wie epistemische Brüche wie die bakteriologische Wende um 1900 zu großflächigen Vernichtungsaktionen gegen Ratten und andere "Schädlinge" führten. In der sich wandelnden Rolle von Tieren in Epidemien spiegeln sich damit sowohl lange Kontinuitäten als auch fundamentale Umbrüche in den Beziehungen zwischen Menschen und anderen Tieren

Suspicious bats, culled mink, valuable monkeys, and vaccinated tigers: the recent global pandemic has demonstrated the close interconnectedness of animal and human lives in the modern world. The human attribution of epidemic agency to animals has a long historical tradition, as narratives about animal diseases in antiquity already attest. The contributions to this volume focus on animals as victims, hosts, or vectors of dangerous diseases - or, since the late eighteenth century, also as producers of vaccines and test bodies for new medicines. They also show how epistemic breaks such as the bacteriological turn around 1900 led to large-scale extermination campaigns against rats and other "pests". The changing role of non-human beings in epidemics thus reflects both long continuities and fundamental shifts in relations between humans and other animals.Verdächtige Fledermäuse, gekeulte Zuchtnerze, wertvolle Versuchsaffen und geimpfte Tiger im Zoo: Die jüngste globale Pandemie hat neben der Vulnerabilität von modernen Gesellschaften auch die enge Verflochtenheit von tierlichem und menschlichem Leben eindrücklich vor Augen geführt. Die menschliche Zuschreibung von Akteursrollen von Tieren in Epidemien hat eine lange historische Tradition, wie bereits Erzählungen über Tierseuchen in der Antike belegen. Die Beiträge des Bandes legen den Fokus auf Tiere als Opfer, Wirte oder Überträger von gefährlichen Krankheiten - oder seit dem späten 18. Jahrhundert auch als Produzenten von Impfungen und Testkörper für Heilstoffe. Sie zeigen zudem auf, wie epistemische Brüche wie die bakteriologische Wende um 1900 zu großflächigen Vernichtungsaktionen gegen Ratten und andere "Schädlinge" führten. In der sich wandelnden Rolle von Tieren in Epidemien spiegeln sich damit sowohl lange Kontinuitäten als auch fundamentale Umbrüche in den Beziehungen zwischen Menschen und anderen Tieren

Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Festschrift stehen Begriffe, die mit Carola Sachses Arbeit und dem Themenfeld Wissen – Macht – Geschlecht. Zeitgeschichte in transnationalen Bezügen verbunden sind. Es konzentriert sich auf die transnational vergleichende Auseinandersetzung mit drei zentralen Phänomenen des langen 20. Jahrhunderts: dem beschleunigten Zuwachs wissenschaftlichen Wissens, dem hohen Ausmaß an Gewalt in Kriegen, Bürgerkriegen und Genoziden sowie dem Wandel der Geschlechterverhältnisse. Diese Themenstellung umfasste Carola Sachses in Hamburg und Berlin entstandenen Arbeiten, die einen Bogen schlagen von der Auseinandersetzung mit betrieblicher Sozial- und Geschlechterpolitik, über die Arbeitsmarktpolitik und den Forschungsschwerpunkt "Rationalisierung und Geschlecht" bis hin zu den Herrschaftsmechanismen im Nationalsozialismus. Wissen, Macht und Geschlecht als zeithistorische Problemstellung gab außerdem den Rahmen vor für die Projekte und Forschungsschwerpunkte, die sich in Wien anschlossen.