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This paper adopts a theoretical approach based on certain trade statistics ofBangladesh and existing literature to examine the relationship between trade openness andeconomic development in the case where fragmented value chain based labour intensivebuyer driven manufacturing industry is dominant, taking ready-made garments sector ofBangladesh as an example. Despite there exists no uniform conclusion in the literature thattrade openness will always lead to positive development outcome in every context, this paperargues that an open trade economy with comparative advantage in labour supply willalways be benefited from the changing nature of global production system that relies moreon fragmented value chain. The study finds that in the case of Bangladesh, a shift in policyregime towards an open trade economy from an infant industry protection policy hasbrought significant positive development outcomes not only for the country's economy butalso for the society as a whole as it flourished the development of buyer driven labourintensive readymade garments industry in Bangladesh. Both the static and dynamic gainsfrom trade openness in the country has been substantial in the form of generatingemployment and export revenue, increasing investments, reducing poverty, raisingcompetitiveness in the global market, promoting female labour force participation in theeconomy and in many other ways. As such, this paper advocates that further liberalization oftrade policies and integrating in the global production value chain should be the primepolicy objective of the government in order to establish Bangladesh as a global productionhub in the future. ; Эта статья представляет теоретический подход, основанный наопределенных данных торговой статистики Бангладеш и существующихлитературных источниках, с целью изучения взаимосвязи между открытостьюторговли и экономическим развитием в случае, когда трудоемкаяклиентоориентированная обрабатывающая промышленность с фрагментированнойцепочкой создания добавленной стоимости является доминирующей, на примересектора готовой одежды Бангладеш. Несмотря на то, что ученые не пришли кединому заключению по поводу того, что открытость торговли всегда приводит кположительному результату развития в любом контексте, в этой статьеутверждается, что открытая торговая экономика со сравнительнымпреимуществом в области предложений рынка труда всегда будет извлекать выгодуиз меняющейся природы глобальной системы производства, которая в большейстепени основывается на фрагментированной цепочке добавленной стоимости.Исследование показало, что в случае Бангладеш сдвиг режима экономическойполитики от политики защиты промышленности на ранней стадии ее развития всторону открытой торговой экономики принес значительные результатыпозитивного развития не только для экономики страны, но и для общества в целом.Так, например, данный процесс способствовал интенсификации развитияклиентоориентированного трудоемкого сектора готовой одежды в Бангладеш. Какстатические, так и динамические выгоды от открытости торговли в Бангладешоказались значительными и привели к созданию рабочих мест и экспортнымпоступлениям, увеличению инвестиций, снижению уровня бедности, повышениюконкурентоспособности на мировом рынке, содействию участию женщин впроизводствах и ко многим другим преимуществам. Таким образом, в этой статьеотстаивается точка зрения, что дальнейшая либерализация торговой политики иинтеграция в глобальные виды промышленности с цепочкой создания добавленнойстоимости должны быть главной целью политики правительства для превращенияБангладеш в глобальный производственный центр в будущем.

This is a conference paper. ; NGOs have been struggling for over a decade in Bangladesh to bring visible changes in hygiene behaviour at the community level. However, few of these initiatives focus specifically on promoting hygiene behaviour at the practice level. Providing hygiene messages following traditional approaches achieves numeric figures, but often fails to bring real changes on the ground. WaterAid Bangladesh piloted an approach called "healthy home" under its rural programme, which encourages communities to promote safe water and sanitation through recognition and owners of "healthy home". A wide range of stakeholders engage in the process led by local government institutions (LGIs). Over an eight months period of time, more than 80% household owners have been awarded as healthy-home promoters against targeted numbers, and have been declared so by LGIs publicly. Recognition, dignity and ownership work as motivating factors in this process, which could be capitalised for greater achievement in other programmes.

The strategic aspects of the tourism development in the UAE have been discussed on variable forums and in different documents of the native government and refer to infrastructural, marketing, financial and organizational issues. The idea has been to raise the attractiveness and values of the domestic tourist industry. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze strategic aspects related to the competitiveness of the UAE as a tourist destination from a business point of view. The method of comparative analysis is used. The resources and the infrastructure of the destination, as well as the supporting services forming the business environment, have a significant impact on the competitiveness of UAE tourism development. The strategic path of tourism in the country is related to the coordination of all management levels – micro, mezzo and macro.

In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan the law relating to people who are mentally ill, until 2001, was set out by the Lunacy Act of 1912, which was inherited from the British colonial occupiers. In 2001 the Mental Health Ordinance 2001 took its place but only for this federal law to be superseded in April 2010 with the 18th constitutional amendment. As part of that amendment, provinces have become responsible for (psychiatric) healthcare, including mental health legislation. Forensic psychiatry is practised in Pakistan but is very much in its infancy; it needs to develop and learn from more experienced countries in Europe and North America. Cultural factors and misconceptions arising from religion can at times contribute to, or create, barriers to the implementation of forensic psychiatric services in Pakistan. This paper reviews the current state of forensic psychiatric services in Pakistan and is intended to open the debate on the challenges ahead.

Pakistan is a lower-middle income country in South Asia where forensic psychiatry is often not recognized as a distinct subspecialty of psychiatry. Although evolution toward this direction has begun, more development in this field is needed. Before Pakistan's Mental Health Ordinance of 2001, much of the mental health legislation and intitutional infrastructure pertaining to the mentally ill offender can be traced back to the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912. The past two decades have witnessed important legal developments in the role of psychiatry in Pakistan's criminal justice system. This has been seen through the devolution of health-care provision and by an extension of psychiatric service provision from the federation (federal government) to the four provinces. Despite the sparse resources allocated to psychiatry, competent yet scarce psychiatry residents are graduating from Pakistan's accredited residency programs with an interest in forensic psychiatry. The objective of this article is to reflect on the past, while examining the current state of existing forensic mental health in Pakistan. This article will also address the future trajectory of forensic psychiatry in Pakistan and supports the establishment of forensic psychiatry as a subspecialty in Pakistan.

Lee first described the concept of preoperative assessment testing (PAT) clinic in 1949. An efficiently run clinic is associated with increased cost-effectiveness by lowering preoperative admission time and thus reducing the length of stay and the associated costs. The setup of the PAT clinic should be based on the needs, culture, and resources of the institution. Various models for the setup of PAT clinic have been described, including the concept of a perioperative surgical home, which is a patient-centered model designed to improve health and the delivery of health care and to reduce the cost of care. Although there are several constraints in the development of PAT clinics, with increasing awareness about the usefulness of pre-operative risk assessments, growing bodies of literature, and evidence-based guidelines, these clinics are becoming a medical necessity for the improvement of perioperative care.