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This book contains a history of the origins of youth gangs and the transformation of these into street gangs that often are connected to prison gangs in large American cities. Importantly, the street gang problem has not decreased in seriousness in the past decade even though the U.S. has seen a sharp drop in violent crime.

Comprehensive and detailed, this book provides information on: the history of the United States' response to juvenile delinquency; the increasing seriousness of the problem; and the public policies available to deal with it. James C Howell cites the pressing need for a clearer understanding of the risk factors for youth violence. Long-term solutions such as the development of more effective prevention programmes, better-matched offender//treatment programmes, and a more cost effective juvenile justice system are also discussed. Extensive figures and tables are included

This article reviews the research literature on the main mechanisms for transferring juveniles to the criminal justice system: judicial waiver, prosecutorial direct files, and legislative exclusion from juvenile court jurisdiction. The main criteria guiding this review are the extent to which these transfer mechanisms capture serious, violent, and chronic offenders; convict and incarcerate them; and protect the public safety. Most of the research to date focuses on judicial waiver. The article makes an overall assessment of current knowledge and discusses unintended consequences of transferring juveniles to the criminal justice system.

Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the authors -- History of gangs in the united states -- Myths and realities of youth gangs -- Defining gangs and gang members -- General macro-level theories and modern-day applications -- Micro-level theories : developmental life course pathways and other micro-level explanations for gang involvement -- Girls and gangs -- National gang problem trends : 1996 to 2012 -- Urban gangs and violence -- What works : prevention -- What works : intervention and suppression -- Glossary -- References -- Index

Researchers have examined the predictors of adolescent gang membership, finding significant factors in the neighborhood, family, school, peers, and individual domains. However, little is known about whether risk and protective factors differ in predictive salience at different developmental periods. The present study examines predictors of joining a gang, tests whether these factors have different effects at different ages, and whether they differ by gender using theSeattleSocialDevelopmentProject (SSDP) sample (n = 808). By age 19, 173 participants had joined a gang. Using survival analysis, results showed that unique predictors of gang membership onset included living with a gang member, antisocial neighborhood, and antisocial peer influences in the previous year. No time or gender interactions with predictors were statistically significant.

This paper uses data from an ongoing panel study of urban youth to examine the causes and correlates of hidden gun carrying among young urban males. The analysis assesses the changing impact of gang membership, drug sales, and peer gun ownership for protection on gun carrying at nine separate points over the early adolescent to young adult life course. In early adolescence, gang membership is a strong motivation for gun carrying. At somewhat older ages, drug dealing, particularly high drug sales, and illegal peer gun ownership replace gang membership as the primary determinants of illegal gun carrying.

Introduction -- Research with important implications for juvenile justice practice -- A comprehensive strategy for evidence-based juvenile justice practice -- Effective evidence-based prevention and intervention programs for juvenile offenders -- The standardized program evaluation protocol -- Initiating and sustaining evidence-based practice -- Eight key administrative tools that support evidence-base programming -- Conclusion.