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Evidence on a causal link between family size and children's education, as in the tradeoff suggested by Gary S. Becker between child quantity and quality, is still inconclusive. Recent empirical studies have focused heavily on China, exploiting for identification the country's One-Child Policy (OCP) as an exogenous source of variation in the number of offspring. This literature, however, suffers from measurement error in the key policy variable (individual OCP coverage) and the use of inadequate measures of child quality outcomes (educational attainment). Using a novel and more accurate taxonomy of provincial OCP regulations and studying exclusively post-compulsory schooling outcomes of children that are subject to parental discretion, we find evidence for a sizeable child quantity-quality trade-off in China. Various robustness checks corroborate this conclusion.

In the 2015 refugee crisis, nearly one million refugees came to Germany, raising concern that crimes against natives would rise. Using novel county-level data, we study this question empirically in first-difference and 2SLS regressions. Our results do not support the view that Germans were victimized in greater numbers by refugees as measured by their rate of victimization in crimes with refugee suspects. Our findings are of great policy and public interest, and also of material relevance for the broader literature on immigration and crime which considers only crimes per capita or variants thereof, but never actual crimes by foreigners against natives. We show that this shortcoming can lead to biased inference.

AbstractThis paper examines the role of individuals' emotions in determining their concerns about international migration. For the empirical analysis, we exploit little-explored information in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data on individuals' negative emotions, e.g., anger, fear, and sadness. We find that the frequency of experiencing negative emotions is positively associated with immigration concerns. Moreover, we show that the relationship varies across employment status, birth cohort, and social media usage. Our analysis also underscores the real-life consequence of emotions by demonstrating their positive association with support for far-right political parties among males, but not among females. Finally, we exploit the exogenous variation in negative emotions induced by the death of a parent to infer causality. Fixed effects regressions with instrumental variables exhibit a positive impact of negative emotions on immigration concerns among females, but no significant effects are found among males. Further investigation into channels driving these gender differences in results underscores gender differences in roles played by other concerns that often carry over to determine individuals' immigration concerns, e.g., concerns about international terrorism.

Existing research attributes functional utility to emotions and shows that emotions can explain disparate individual behaviors and decisions. We contribute to this research by investigating the role of individuals' emotions in predicting opposition to international immigration in Germany. To this purpose, we use the less explored information on individuals' negative affect present in the Socio-Economic Panel data and construct an index of negative emotions comprising of self-reported frequency of experiencing sadness, fear, and anger. Our results indicate that a higher frequency of negative emotions is statistically significantly associated with increased immigration concerns. To infer causality, we exploit the exogenous variation in negative emotions induced by the individual's parent's death and apply fixed effects regressions with instrumental variables. While the causal estimation strategy masks the average effect, we register a weak and positive impact of negative emotions on immigration concerns for the female subsample. Additional analysis of females indicates that the causal impact is more forceful for those who are irregularly employed, older, rarely use social media, and have a less agreeable and more extroverted personality. We also show that while negative emotions predict female support of far-right political parties, they do not affect their left-wing support and concerns about xenophobic hostility, crime, and own financial situation.

Along with rising awareness of social welfare and environmental protection, corporate social responsibility becomes an internationally emphasized topic. The implementation of corporate social responsibility could effectively promote social impact and brand value as well as present the competitiveness of long-term competitive advantage and sustainable management. From the aspect of environmental protection, medical products with use value should not be disposed in the recovery channel. In this case, the maintenance of medical products and the activity to maintain waste medical products, recycle resources, and reuse parts are the environmental protection issues stressed by the government and the public. Aiming at the mass society in Fujian Province, total 360 copies of questionnaire are distributed, with random sampling, and 274 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 76%. The retrieved data are analyzed with statistics software. The research results show significant correlations between reverse logistics and corporate image, corporate image and social impact, as well as reverse logistics and social impact. Suggestions, according to the results, are proposed, expecting to help medical device industry effectively combine green strategies, include the concept of environmental protection into corporate culture, provide the society with valuable goods or services, master green business opportunities, and precede differentiation competition in the same trade in order to win in the fierce competition.

Brand naming is a crucial component in marketing communication. Chinese brand naming differs greatly from naming in Western communities. Both linguistic and cultural aspects play an important role in Chinese brand naming. This paper reports our analysis of 5,089 Chinese brand names from 21 product categories. We analyzed these brand names from six aspects: the syllable pattern, the tone pattern, the compounding pattern, the semantic pattern, the semantic field which consists of semantically associated words to indicate the functions or features of products, and the most frequently used words in branding. We found that Chinese brand naming has a consistent tendency for two-syllable names with a modifier-noun compounding structure. High tones and positive meaning are also the preferred features. The cultural influence is reflected in the selection of the semantic fields and the choice of words for brand names.