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Abstract
We study the interaction between family and school inputs by identifying the causal impact of information about school quality on parental time investment into children. Inspection ratings provide news that shifts parental beliefs about school quality, and hence investment into children. We study this using household panel data from England, linked to administrative records on school inspection ratings. We find that parents receiving good news over school quality significantly decrease time investment into their children. We provide insights on the distributional and test score impacts of the nationwide inspections regime, through multiple margins of endogenous response of parents and children.

This study investigates the direct impact of knowledge management on organizational innovation and indirect impact through organizational learning and organizational culture, using diffusion of innovation theory. Moreover, these relationships were also empirically tested in the presence of social media technologies as potential moderator. Simple random sampling was used to select 380 respondents from small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to measure the fitness of the proposed model via LISREL 8.8. Our results show that knowledge management positively influences organizational learning and organizational culture. Moreover, organizational culture and learning significantly influence organizational innovation. Similarly, knowledge management has a significant indirect impact on organizational innovation through organizational learning and culture. Furthermore, the moderating impact of social media technologies in the relationship between organizational learning and organizational innovation is also found significant. The present study offers novel and interesting insights by indicating that the management of SMEs realizing the importance of knowledge management and inspiring workers to practice organizational learning, organizational culture, and social media technologies can facilitate organizational innovation in SMEs.

Inclusive leadership (IL) can enhance performance and vigor at work. Through the perspective of affective events theory and social exchange theory, this research investigates the relationships between IL and adaptive performance (AP) with the mediating role of vigor at work (VW) and the moderating role of internal locus of control (ILC). Data were collected in three time lags from employees and their supervisors in the textile industry of Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to determine the distinctiveness of study variables. The results established that IL enhanced adaptive performance, while vigor at work mediated the relationship between IL and adaptive performance. This study contributes to the leadership literature since limited attention was paid to the role of IL as a predictor of adaptive performance indirectly through vigor at work and ILC at the workplace. Implications of the study are also discussed.

In order to commute by carpooling, individuals need to communicate, negotiate and coordinate, and in most cases adapt their agenda (daily schedule) to enable cooperation. Through negotiation, agents (individuals) can reach complex agreements in an iterative way which meet the criteria for the successful negotiation. The procedure of negotiation and trip execution in the carpooling consists of a number of steps namely; (i) explore the social network, (ii) negotiate agenda to reach complex agreements, and (iii) long term trip execution. This paper presents a conceptual design of an organizational-based and agent-based model (ABM) of a set of candidate carpoolers that serves as a proof of concept and is an extension of a simple negotiation model for carpooling. The proposed model is used for simulating the interactions of autonomous agents with their agenda and explore social networks to initiate agent communication to trigger the negotiation process. The schedule adaptation depends on the preferences among feasible schedules of the individuals, generally depends on both the time of day and on the duration of the participation. In this simulation of the evolution we consider a daily schedule that consists of three activities (home, work and home) and a chain of two intermediate trips (home-to-work and work-to-home) only. We carried out a validation study of our results with real data collected in Flanders, Belgium. From the simulation's discussions, it is possible to understand the causes why people can adapt their daily schedule to enable cooperation in order to carpool. The future research will mainly focus on enhancing the mechanism for negotiation between agents. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement nr 270833

The current research examines the possible outcomes of cronyism like organizational deviance (OD), organizational cynicism (OCy), and counterproductive work behavior and also investigates the mediating variable violation of psychological contract (VPC) among cronyism and its possible outcomes. Many studies have investigated the presence of organizational cronyism (OC) at the workplace and its impacts on certain variables. However, the outcomes observed in this study, i.e., OD, OCy, and counter-productive work behavior were not empirically investigated previously as per researchers' knowledge. The second gap this study fills is the mediating effect of VPC between the studied variables. Thirdly, the study was conducted in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, which is almost the first attempt to investigate this phenomenon in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Data were collected from the employees working under different ministries of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan like education, forest, sports, information, local government, finance, and tourism. The data from 350 employees were collected through convenience sampling. The data collection process was conducted at two distinct time lags. Results show that OC significantly and positively relates with OD, OCy, and counter-productive work behavior, whereas VPC mediates the relationship among OC and OD, OC, and counter-productive work behavior. Employees enjoying special favors from the leadership seem to be more dedicated toward the organization than the employees who do not have this favor, and the ultimate result is negative for the organization.

Alternative strategies to treat multidrug resistant pathogens are indispensable due to the scarcity of new therapeutically effective antibiotics. The present work was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial effects of essential oils extracted from Citrus sinensis, locally known as "Mousami", against various important pathogens as well as their phytochemical characterisation. Essential oils were extracted from Cit. sinensis peels by the steam distillation method, and a 0.23% yield was obtained. Chemical composition of the extracted essential oil was analysed through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis revealed that the Cit. sinensis essential oil was composed of a variety of chemical compounds; mostly are monoterpene hydrocarbon and 0.62% of limonene (dipentene), as well as oxygenated monoterpenes and 0.50% limonene oxide, also known as eucalyptol. Standard reference microorganisms, i.e., E. coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Salmonella Typhi (ATCC 24682), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 204304), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) were used, and the in vitro antimicrobial effect of Cit. sinensis essential oils was observed against these strains by disc diffusion method. Statistical analysis of the resulting data was done by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to assess the significant association between biological activities of essential oils at p < 0.05. Using microbroth dilution assay, maximum sensitivity was exhibited by E. coli and Can. albicans among the tested microbial strains. The zones of inhibition were significantly different, having diameters of 34.0 ± 1.5 and 55.0 ± 0.5 mm for the said bacterial and fungal strains, respectively; and their MIC values were 0.0007 ± 0.0001 and 0.0007 ± 0.0006 mg/ml, respectively. Thin layer chromatography-bioautography (TLC-bioautography) showed dipentene as biologically most active antimicrobial component. Hence, it was established that broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against important microorganisms was elucidated by essential oil extracts from Cit. sinensis that may be used as a natural antimicrobial to treat various infections caused by pathogens of public health interest.

COVID-19 is appearing as one of the most fetal disease of the world's history and has caused a global health emergency. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim to address the issue of public response against COVID-19. The literature lacks studies on social aspects of COVID-19. Therefore, the current study is an attempt to investigate its social aspects and suggest a theoretical structural equation model to examine the associations between social media exposure, awareness, and information exchange and preventive behavior and to determine the indirect as well as direct impact of social media exposure on preventive behavior from the viewpoints of awareness and information exchange. The current empirical investigation was held in Pakistan, and the collected survey data from 500 respondents through social media tools were utilized to examine the associations between studied variables as stated in the anticipated study model. The findings of the study indicate that social media exposure has no significant and direct effect on preventive behavior. Social media exposure influences preventive behavior indirectly through awareness and information exchange. In addition, awareness and information exchange have significant and direct effects on preventive behavior. Findings are valuable for health administrators, governments, policymakers, and social scientists, specifically for individuals whose situations are like those in Pakistan. This research validates how social media exposure indirectly effects preventive behavior concerning COVID-19 and explains the paths of effect through awareness or information exchange. To the best of our knowledge, there is no work at present that covers this gap, for this reason the authors propose a new model. The conceptual model offers valuable information for policymakers and practitioners to enhance preventive behavior through the adoption of appropriate awareness strategies and information exchange and social media strategies.