Suchergebnisse

There was a huge reaction to the attacks that took place in the Gulf of Oman in May and June 2019 but, in fact, attacks on
oil tankers are a century old problem. Oil tankers appear to be easy targets because of their size and cargo. The main objective
of this paper is to analyse the effectiveness of different types of attack on oil tankers that have been undertaken since widespread
use of oil began. A comparative case-study approach was adopted to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of attack on oil
tankers over the long-term, namely the last century. It briefly reviews the destructiveness of three anti-tanker campaigns during
the two World Wars. They are subsequently compared with two post-1945 sets of attacks in the Persian Gulf region – the Tanker
War of the 1980s and the 2019 attacks. The scale of damages inflicted by attacks on oil tankers is varied. The experience of both
World Wars shows their effectiveness. However, post-1945 events do not provide confirmatory evidence. The main difference is the
scale of hostile activities. It is not the characteristics of tankers that make them easy targets but political conditions (war/peace
state of international system) that enable the application of weapons and tactics that bring about a different scale of destruction.

Climate Change as National Security Threat in the 21st Century as Seen from the US Strategic Documents Perspective
The issue of climate change has started to be implemented in official strategic documents of the United States (US) in the first decade of the 21st century. This paper describes briefly the hierarchy of the US national security documents and climate change-related definitions. In the main part it makes an analysis of how climate change-related issues were introduced into the US national security strategic documents by the three 21st century American presidents. The paper comes to a conclusion, that climate change is treated as a national security threat and therefore reflected in a number of the US strategic documents.

Security is one of the most important factors in Polish debate on both, energy and foreign policies. Under its influence the proposed future shape of Polish electricity system is to be continuation of the present coal-based quasiautarchic one. The paper investigates historical factors that make Polish elites so much attached to the idea of energy policy based on striving full energy independence and concludes presenting threats arising from such policy.