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Consumer behavior and immigrant assimilation: a comparison of the United States, Britain and Germany, 1889/1890
In: Working paper series on historical factors in long run growth 6
Fertility and occupation: population patterns in industrialization
In: Studies in social discontinuity
Ethnic Differences in Demographic Behavior in the United States: What Can We Learn from Vital Statistics About Inequality?
In: NBER Working Paper No. w23827
SSRN
Working paper
Inequality and infant and childhood mortality in the United States in the twentieth century
In: Explorations in economic history: EEH, Band 48, Heft 3, S. 418-428
ISSN: 0014-4983
Inequality and Infant and Childhood Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century
In: NBER Working Paper No. w16133
SSRN
Working paper
Growing Incomes, Shrinking People—Can Economic Development Be Hazardous to Your Health?: Historical Evidence for the United States, England, and the Netherlands in the Nineteenth Century
In: Social science history: the official journal of the Social Science History Association, Band 28, Heft 2, S. 249-270
ISSN: 1527-8034
This article examines declining adult human stature in the nineteenth century in three countries: the United States, England, and the Netherlands. While this was not unprecedented, these three relatively important nations did experience a deterioration in the biological standard of living at a time when economic development was proceeding at a goodly pace. England and the Netherlands were among the most urbanized countries in Europe at the time, while the United States was still predominantly rural and agrarian. The essay argues that a confluence of circumstances contributed to the worsening of the physical condition of these populations even while real income per capita was growing. Among the factors involved were rapid urbanization without adequate public health and sanitation; a transport revolution and related commercialization, which brought people and goods into much closer contact; the consequent integration of disease environments, both within and across nations; and a growing dependence of the working populations on wage income along with a probable growing inequality in wealth and income, exacerbating the impact of fluctuations in food prices. Technological change had an impact on these events by lowering the relative prices of industrial goods. While the term Malthusian crisis (i.e., a shortage of subsistence followed by a rise in mortality) seems inappropriate in these cases, a similar process may have been taking place. It suggests that such a crisis may not commence with an increase in mortality but rather with an adjustment of the human organism to new nutritional circumstances.
The urban mortality transition in the united states, 1800-1940
In: Annales de démographie historique: ADH, Band n o 101, Heft 1, S. 33-64
ISSN: 1776-2774
Résumé Si l'on considère le niveau de la mortalité, vivre dans les villes constituait un handicap dans les États-Unis du xix e et du début du xx e siècle, tout comme dans d'autres pays. Vers 1940, non seulement cette surmortalité a disparu mais, dans de nombreux cas, il est devenu plus sain de vivre dans les villes qu'à la campagne. En dépit de l'absence de données systématiques avant 1933, il est possible de décrire le phénomène de la transition de la mortalité urbaine. Au début du xix e siècle, la population des États-Unis n'était pas particulièrement urbaine (6,1% en 1800), ce qui conduisait à une situation relativement favorable de la mortalité : probablement 20-25 pour mille de taux brut de mortalité. Les données les plus anciennes indiquent néanmoins que la mortalité était plus élevée dans les villes, plus forte dans les grandes que dans les petites villes, et dans le Sud que dans le Nord. Vers 1900, la population est à 40 % urbaine et cette proportion grimpe à 56 % en 1940. Les taux de mortalité, en particulier dans les zones urbaines, s'élèvent, ou tout au moins stagnent, à partir du milieu du xix e siècle. La progression de l'urbanisation, le développement des transports et du commerce, les plus fortes migrations internes mais aussi internationales ont contribué à ce phénomène. La croissance urbaine rapide et une méconnaissance des processus morbides contribuèrent à laisser libre cours aux crises de mortalité des villes américaines jusque vers le milieu du xix e siècle. La transition de la mortalité se met seulement en place dans les années 1870. Désormais, la baisse de la mortalité urbaine est plus rapide que celle des campagnes, soutenue par les progrès des travaux publics, des avancées de la santé publique et peut-être de la médecine. La majeure partie du processus est achevée dans les années 1940. Le handicap urbain a été largement éliminé et la mortalité continue à baisser en dépit de la poursuite de la croissance de la part de population urbaine.
The Urban Mortality Transition in the United States, 1800-1940
In: NBER Working Paper No. h0134
SSRN
French migration to the United States : 1820 to 1950
In: Annales de démographie historique: ADH, Band 2000, Heft 1, S. 77-91
ISSN: 1776-2774
Although France and the United States had historic ties, relatively few persons born in France migrated to the United States. Over the 150 years from 1820 to 1970, over 45 million persons entered the United States as migrants, but only 730,000 of these were french. Many more French overseas migrants went to North Africa and to Latin America. The peak migration to the United States came in the middle of the XIXth century. By the XXth century, for every ten migrants, approximately four returned to France. Of the French living in the United States, most went to the urban, industrial states of the Northeast and Midwest and also to Louisiana (mostly New Orléans) with its French traditions. Most settled in cities. Similarly few French Canadians came to the U.S., and they were even more geographically concentrated, primarily in New England. The slow population growth in France, its urban and industrial growth in the XIXth and XXth centuries, and the existence of a large class of agrarian proprietors likely accounted for the low level of net out- migration.
English Population History from Family Reconstitution: 1580–1837. By E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp.xxii, 657. $85.00
In: The journal of economic history, Band 59, Heft 2, S. 517-520
ISSN: 1471-6372
Health, Height, Nutrition, and Mortality: Evidence on the "Antebellum Puzzle" from Union Army Recruits in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century
In: NBER Working Paper No. h0107
SSRN
Long-term marriage patterns in the United States from colonial times to the present
In: The history of the family: an international quarterly, Band 1, Heft 1, S. 15-39
ISSN: 1081-602X
United States
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 518, Heft 1, S. 203-205
ISSN: 1552-3349
Fertility Change on the American Frontier: Adaptation and Innovation
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 518, S. 203-205
ISSN: 0002-7162