Suchergebnisse

The issues of Papua (Both Papua and West Papua Provinces) have been reached by international communities even though the government regulation; Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21, Year 2001, concerning Special Autonomy for Papua Province becoming a central issue as a problem solving to make a special treat for people in Papua internally. Whereas, the regulation is expected to make people in Papua develop political, economic, and cultural also resolving the insurgency problems among them. The arrangements of social and political, economy and budget are as a special treatment, only develop economy and infrastructure but it does not solve the conflicts until today. In this case, the Counterinsurgency (COIN) strategic model needs to be implemented following the appropriateness of national policy and the condition in Papua. This research used a content analysis method to reveal the causes of an un-optimal policy in solving the insurgency. Based on the four elements of COIN, only two elements exist; community and state elements. While the international community element and private sectors do not appear on the special autonomy legislation for Papua. As a reason, the COIN model appropriates with the condition of the people that include some elements; government, local community, the non-state, international community, and private sectors. Comparing to the United States of America (USA) model where the community is not included in the COIN element since the community as an object. On the other hand, it is different from China where military and political parties as important elements since the government decisions are supported by military force to solve the insurgency problem. This research found that civil and military cooperation in the model of COIN Papua after special autonomy is reflected by the existence of Local Government Leaders Communication Forum of Papua to face all situations that happened in Papua, both in security and emergency. Active coordination among governors, local legislators, Adat communities (customary), police, and army for COIN strategy needs special coordination to global communities openly that affect opinions on the people and private sector interests in Papua.

The issues of Papua (Both Papua and West Papua Provinces) have been reached by international communities even though the government regulation; Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21, Year 2001, concerning Special Autonomy for Papua Province becoming a central issue as a problem solving to make a special treat for people in Papua internally. Whereas, the regulation is expected to make people in Papua develop political, economic, and cultural also resolving the insurgency problems among them. The arrangements of social and political, economy and budget are as a special treatment, only develop economy and infrastructure but it does not solve the conflicts until today. In this case, the Counterinsurgency (COIN) strategic model needs to be implemented following the appropriateness of national policy and the condition in Papua. This research used a content analysis method to reveal the causes of an un-optimal policy in solving the insurgency. Based on the four elements of COIN, only two elements exist; community and state elements. While the international community element and private sectors do not appear on the special autonomy legislation for Papua. As a reason, the COIN model appropriates with the condition of the people that include some elements; government, local community, the non-state, international community, and private sectors. Comparing to the United States of America (USA) model where the community is not included in the COIN element since the community as an object. On the other hand, it is different from China where military and political parties as important elements since the government decisions are supported by military force to solve the insurgency problem. This research found that civil and military cooperation in the model of COIN Papua after special autonomy is reflected by the existence of Local Government Leaders Communication Forum of Papua to face all situations that happened in Papua, both in security and emergency. Active coordination among governors, local legislators, Adat communities (customary), police, and army for COIN strategy needs special coordination to global communities openly that affect opinions on the people and private sector interests in Papua. ; Persoalan Papua (Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat) telah mengundang komunitas internasional, namun kebijakan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 Tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua menjadi isu sentral dalam penyelesaian Papua hanya memberi perlakuan khusus terhadap internal masyarakat Papua. Padahal, melalui Undang-undang ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat Papua agar lebih cepat berkembang, baik politik, ekonomi, maupun budaya, disamping itu masalah gerakan insurgency (pemberontakan) juga dapat dituntaskan. Kenyataannya, penataan sosial politik, ekonomi dan anggaran yang bersifat khusus telah diberikan namun hanya mengembangkan perekonomian dan infrastruktur tetapi gerakan untuk memisahkan diri belum berakhir sampai saat ini. Untuk itu perlu suatu model strategi counterinsurgency (COIN) yang tetap sesuai dengan kebijakan nasional dan kondisi masyarakar Papua. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode content analysis untuk mengungkap penyebab kebijakan yang tidak optimal dalam menyelesaikan counterinsurgency. Berdasarkan empat elemen dasar dalam COIN hanya ada dua elemen yang ada, yaitu elemen masyarakat dan negara, sementara elemen komunitas internasional dan sektor privat tidak ditemukan dalam Undang-Undang Otonomi Khusus Papua. Sehingga, model COIN yang sesuai dengan kondisi masyarakat Papua harus memiliki unsur pemerintah, masyarakat lokal, non-state, komunitas internasional, dan sektor privat. Kalau dibandingkan dengan model United States of America (USA) yang memposisikan masyarakat tidak masuk dalam unsur COIN karena masyarakat diletakkan sebagai objek yang menentukan. Beda lagi kalau dibandingkan dengan strategi Cina yang menempatakan militer dan partai politik sebagai elemen penting karena keputusan pemerintah didukung oleh kekuatan militer untuk mengatasi masalah insurgency. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kombinasi sipil dan militer dalam model kebijakan COIN Papua Pasca-Otonomi Daerah tercermin dengan adanya Forum Komunikasi Pemimpin Daerah (Forkompimda) Papua dalam menghadapi situasi, baik kondisi aman maupun kondisi darurat. Koordinasikan aktif antara gubernur, legislatif daerah, masyarakat adat, kepolisian, dan militer. Strategi COIN di masa mendatang perlu jalur koordinasi khusus dengan komunitas global secara terbuka yang mempengaruhi opini tentang masyarakat Papua dan kepentingan sektor privat yang cukup kuat di Papua.

Abstrak – Proyek reklamasi teluk Jakarta adalah proyek yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah DKI Jakarta. Proyek ini menuai permasalahan di masyarakat. Permasalahan reklamasi teluk Jakarta mencakup aspek lingkungan, aspek sosial, aspek ekonomi, aspek pertahanan dan keamanan. Melihat perkembangan lingkungan strategis yang dinamis senantiasa membawa perubahan terhadap spektrum ancaman yang kompleks dan berimplikasi terhadap pertahanan dan keamanan negara. Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah ditemukan adanya gap antara pemerintah dan masyarakat terkait dengan proyek reklamasi. Selain itu, perencanaan proyek reklamasi dinilai pro investor dapat dilihat sebagai suatu potensi ancaman terhadap pertahanan keamanan negara dan persatuan bangsa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji pengaruh reklamasi teluk Jakarta yang merupakan kebijakan pemerintah terhadap aspek keamanan maritim di Ibu Kota Jakarta dan kaitannya dengan keamanan nasional. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif fenomenologi dengan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara dan studi pustaka yang dianalisis dengan pendekatan Miles and Huberman. Teori yang digunakan adalah konsep keamanan nasional, teori seapower dan teori keamanan maritim. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa persepsi masyarakat tentang reklamasi teluk Jakarta berbeda-beda. Ada yang mendukung (pro) dan ada yang menolak (kontra). Adanya isu politik terkait dengan pemilihan Gubernur DKI Jakarta memberikan pengaruh terhadap persepsi masyarakat tentang reklamasi teluk Jakarta. Reklamasi teluk Jakarta juga berpengaruh terhadap keamanan maritim yaitu pada aspek lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, pertahanan dan keamanan. Adapun saran yang diberikan oleh peneliti yaitu dalam pembuatan perencanaan reklamasi teluk Jakarta harus melibatkan seluruh aspek dan multistakeholder yang bertujuan untuk kepentingan umum. Selain itu, pentingnya aspek pertahanan keamanan khususnya keamanan maritim dalam perencanaan reklamasi teluk Jakarta.Kata Kunci: reklamasi teluk Jakarta, keamanan maritim, keamanan nasional Abstract - Jakarta's Coastal Reclamation Project is one of projects which undertaken by the local government of DKI Jakarta. This project leads an issue among communities. The issue impacts to several aspects such as environmental, social, economic and defense and security aspect. The geopolitics and geostrategic condition could give complex threats to the states. Based on the background of the problems, researcher has founded a gap between the government and the communities associated with this reclamation project. In addition, this project is also considered as pro investor and would be a potential threat for state's defense and national unity. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of reclamation of Jakarta's Coastal from maritime security's perspective. Researcher used qualitative methods by using data collecting, interviewing, and literature study tehnique by using Miles and Huberman approached. The theory which being used are concept of national security, seapower, and maritime security. As a coclusion, this thesis figured out that there are vary perceptions regarding this reclamation issue, some of it are pros and cons. This vary perceptions is related to the election of the Governor of DKI Jakarta. Jakarta's coastal reclamation also impacts to maritime security, such as environmental, social, economic and defense and security aspect. Suggestion from this study is about reclamation plan making have to be more transparant and involve all aspects and multistakeholder which aim for public interest. In addition, the importance of defense and security aspect, especially maritime security for reclamation plan.KeyWords: Jakarta's bay reclamation, maritime security, national security

Abstrak – Pasca insiden penangkapan kapal pencuri ikan nelayan China di perairan Kepulauan Natuna, berbagai upaya dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia untuk menyampaikan pesan bahwa perairan Natuna adalah milik Indonesia yang sah dan berdaulat. Salah satu kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di Natuna pasca insiden tersebut adalah pelaksanaan Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha yang diselenggarakan oleh Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (TNI AU). Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha adalah latihan rutin dan tertinggi yang dimiliki oleh TNI AU. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan pendekatan studi kasus, tesis ini akan mengkaji tentang peran dan bentuk Diplomasi Pertahanan yang terkandung dalam pelaksanaan Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha dalam rangka turut menciptakan pertahanan dan keamanan di kawasan perairan Natuna. Teori yang dipakai dalam tesis ini ialah teori kekuatan udara, teori deterensi non-nuklir, dan konsep diplomasi pertahanan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha memiliki peran sebagai diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia dalam menjaga pertahanan dan keamanan perairan Natuna, serta adanya deterrence effect atau daya gentar yang berbentuk pengurangan angka pelanggaran batas wilayah hukum oleh China di wilayah tersebut sebagai bukti peningkatan kapasitas (capacity building) dan peningkatan kepercayaan (confidence building measures/CBMs) sekaligus meningkatkan hubungan harmonis dengan negara China yang sempat tegang akibat insiden tersebut.Kata kunci: China, deterrence effect, Diplomasi Pertahanan, Latihan Puncak Angkasa Yudha, Natuna Abstract – After the incidents of Chinese illegal fishing boat arrests in the Natuna Islands waters, various attempts were made by the Indonesian government to convey the message that Natuna waters' sovereignty is owned legitimately by Indonesia. One of the activities carried out in Natuna after the incident was the Grand Exercise Angkasa Yudha which was organized by the Indonesian Air Force. Angkasa Yudha Exercise is the annual exercise and the highest form of exercise of Indonesian Air Force. This study uses qualitative research method and study case approach that will examine the role and and forms of defense diplomacy contained in the exhibition of Angkasa Yudha Exercise. Theories used in this thesis are air power theory, deterrence theory (non-nuclear deterrence), and defense diplomacy concept. From this study, it could be concluded that Angkasa Yudha Exercise has a role as Indonesia's defense diplomacy in maintaining the defense and security of Natuna waters in terms of capacity building and confidence building measures (CBMs), also it gives deterrence effect in the form of reducing the number of Chinese's violations in the area, this effort also aims to increase harmonious relations with the once-tensed relation with China after the incident.Keywords: Angkasa Yudha exercise, defense diplomacy, deterrent effect, China, Natuna

Abstrak – Tulisan ini berusaha memahami dua hal, yakni pola perimbangan dan regionalisasi sektor pertahanan di Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), sebuah organisasi regional yang beranggotakan China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan dan kemudian mengikutsertakan India serta Pakistan yang bergabung di tahun 2017. Untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang itu, tulisan ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan telaah atas teori perimbangan milik Kenneth Waltz, Stephen Walt dan Randall Schweller. Hasil temuannya adalah (1) pola perimbangan dan regionalisasi sektor pertahanan di SCO dimulai berkat adanya persepsi ancaman yang serupa, hal ini mengkonfirmasi teori balance of threat milik Walt; (2) Pola perimbangan dapat berubah menjadi balance of power apabila terdapat tekanan-tekanan kekuatan luar pada negara anggota SCO. Kondisi itu nampak terlihat saat adanya Revolusi Tulip dan Kericuhan Adijan yang direspon oleh SCO dengan mempertontonkan latihan militer dengan skenario perbantuan dan menandatangani kerjasama dengan CSTO; (3) Terpeliharanya regionalisasi sektor pertahanan di SCO tidak terlepas dari pengaruh besar China di dalamnya. China bertindak sebagai pemegang status quo, di sisi lain negara lainnya cenderung melakukan bandwagoning terhadap China, karena dengan melakukan hal tersebut mereka dapat mendapatkan keuntungan.Kata kunci: Teori Perimbangan, Regionalisasi sektor Pertahanan, Shanghai Cooperation Organization Abstract -- This article aims to understand two points, namely the Shanghai Cooperation Organization's (SCO) pattern of balancing and its defense regionalization. SCO is the regional organization that consists of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and followed by the two new comers: India and Pakistan in 2017. To analyze the above mentioned, this article uses qualitative method by reviewing three balancing theories introduced by Kenneth Waltz, Stephen Walt, and Randall Schweller. The findings are (1) Walt argument from balance of threat theory confirms why such states declared the SCO and its defense regionalization by emphasizing the common threat; (2) Waltz' balance of power partially emerged when the member states received international pressures due to the Tulip Revolution and the Andijan incident. These incidents caused the SCO to hold military assistance scenario in the largest peacemission exercise at that time (2007) and signed such cooperation with Russia led millitary alliance-CSTO at the same time; (3) the regional balancing pattern cannot cover over the China's greater role at this organization. In the SCO, China balances for its status quo preservation while the rest tend to bandwagon the emerging China power to get profit from it. Keywords: balancing theory, defense regionalization, Shanghai Cooperation Organization