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This thesis sets out the findings of an empirical study on three environmental departments' responses to judicial regulation during the first fifteen years of democracy.

The aim of this book is to provide a summary of the current concepts and challenges in global maternal and child health in a format that appeals to students of the subject, the general public, and current practitioners in the field. It also provides study exercises that may inform tutors on undergraduate and postgraduate courses

AbstractObjectiveMany studies exist about people's views of gender in a wide variety of fields. However, participants are not typically asked what they think gender means; rather, gender is presumed to have a taken‐as‐shared meaning.MethodsAs part of a larger study conducted in Australia and Canada about the general public's views of gender and mathematics, we investigated participants' definitions of the term gender. We considered overall trends and trends by demographic group (country, gender, age, and education level).ResultsMost commonly, gender was defined as a person's feelings or self‐identification. Participants also frequently solely used the terms male and female or discussed biological features. However, response patterns varied widely by demographic group.ConclusionDue to these diverse and sometimes contradictory definitions, we argue that researchers cannot assume that participants have common understanding of the term gender. We conclude by providing suggestions for how gender‐focused research can be done in more transparent ways.

Integrating the open science movement with impactful discoveries in science, velocity of technology, and raw power of cloud computing has led to an unprecedented opportunity for scientific discovery. The American Heart Association recently established the Precision Medicine Platform(1) through the efforts of multiple American Heart Association volunteers and a collaboration with Amazon Web Services. The cloud-based platform, powered by Amazon Web Services and available at https://precision.heart.org, was founded on the FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable)(2) and includes secure collaboration areas (workspaces) and an open sharing area. The goals of the platform are to democratize data, to make it easy to search across orthogonal data sets, to provide a secure workspace to leverage the power of cloud computing, and to provide a forum for users to share insights. Multiple learning tools are available, including video tutorials, templates using open interactive programming framework, and a forum for interaction among community members.(3)

Public service reform in Scotland is focusing on prevention and early intervention with the aim of breaking cycles of inequality and poverty. Public bodies are expected to play a full part in delivering these improved outcomes with leaders and their teams working collaboratively across organizational boundaries to ensure that services are shaped around the needs and demands of individuals and communities. The Scottish Government's 2020 Vision is that by 2020 everyone is able to live longer healthier lives at home, or in a homely setting. NHS Highland health board in Scotland covers an area of over 32,500 square km. With a population of 320,000 it is one of the largest and most sparsely populated Health Boards in the UK. NHS Highland care home places for older adults are provided by care homes owned and managed by a mixture of local authority/health board, private organisations and the voluntary sector. In the care home sector improved outcomes for individuals are expected to come about by preventing adverse situations through the use of anticipatory care and planned care models. Latest care home census data indicates that close to 57% of care home residents in the NHS Highland area are affected by dementia (both medical and non-medically diagnosed). Access to specialist psychiatric expertise for staff and for residents affected by dementia presents challenges in this rural context due to long gaps between consultant visits and the anxiety and stress related to travel to secondary care for appointments in between consultant visits. TEC psychiatric clinics have been introduced to address these challenges.

Purpose. To estimate workforce participation characteristics and employees' attitudes regarding participation in workplace wellness programs. Design. Data from a statewide stratified random sample were used to compare small (<50 employees) and larger (50+ employees) workplaces to estimate participation in screening programs and likelihood of participation in workplace wellness programs. Setting. A telephone survey of employed Iowans registered to vote. Subjects. Surveyed were 1171 employed Iowans registered to vote, ages 18 to 65. Measure. Among questionnaire survey modules were items from the Wellness Council of America Employee Needs and Interest Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau for employment documentation, and the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire for assessment of sickness absenteeism and presenteeism. Analysis. Prevalence of participation in screening and wellness programs was analyzed by employment size and levels of likeliness to participate, and multivariable analyses of employee baseline characteristics regarding participation in screening programs and likelihood of participation in wellness programs was presented as top and bottom quartiles. Results. Those employed in smaller workplaces participated less often in screening programs. Multivariable models identified male gender and those with an abnormal body mass index were associated with nonparticipation, while having a primary care physician was associated with participation. Very few items showed significant statistical difference in willingness to participate. Conclusion. Workforce characteristics and access to health care may influence participation in screening and wellness programs. Employment size is not a determining factor for willingness to participate in wellness programs.

Abstract
Small enterprises have fewer resources, are more financially precarious, and have higher rates of occupational injury and illness compared with larger enterprises. Interventions that address the promotion of health and well-being in addition to traditional occupational safety and health hazards, a Total Worker Health® (TWH) approach, may be effective in reducing injuries and preventing illness. However, little research has examined the impact of TWH interventions in small enterprises. The aim of this research was to explore and characterize health and safety practices, policies, and programs in small Midwestern enterprises from a TWH perspective. Utilizing a case studies approach, site visits were conducted with small business, between 10 and 250 employees, from 2014 through 2016 and included workplace audits and interviews with multiple employees in varying roles within each organization. Both open and closed coding were used to identify specific themes. Eight themes emerged from the site visits: value and return on investment, organizational factors, program design, engaging employees, low-cost strategies, evaluation, and integration. These themes overlapped with both the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) Essential Elements of TWH and the NIOSH Fundamentals. Industry sector and enterprise size also affect resources and integration of these resources. As TWH expands to organizations of all sizes, it is necessary to address the unique needs of smaller enterprises.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the political views of doctors in the UK despite doctors' importance in the functioning of the National Health Service (NHS). METHODS: This is a survey-based, cross-sectional study in which we asked questions about voting behaviour in 2015 and 2017 UK general elections and 2016 referendum on leaving the European Union (EU) (Brexit), and questions relating to recent health policies. RESULTS: 1172 doctors (45.1% women) from 1295 responded to an online survey. 60.5% described their political views as 'left-wing' and 62.2% described themselves as 'liberal'. 79.4% of respondents voted to remain in the EU in the 2016 referendum compared with 48.1% of voters as a whole (χ2=819.8, p<0.001). 98.6% of respondents agreed that EU nationals working in the NHS should be able to remain in the UK after Brexit. The median score for the impact of Brexit on the NHS on a scale of 0 (worst impact) to 10 (best impact) was 2 (IQR=1-4). Most respondents agreed with the introduction of minimum alcohol pricing in the UK (73.9%), charging patients who are not eligible for NHS treatment for non-urgent care (70.6%) and protecting a portion of national spending for the NHS (87.1%). 65.8% thought there was too much use of NHS-funded private sector provision in their medical practice. Specialty, income and grade were associated with divergent opinions. CONCLUSIONS: UK doctors are left-leaning and liberal in general, which is reflected in their opinions on topical health policy issues. Doctors in the UK voted differently from the general electorate in recent polls.

Background: Little is known about the political views of doctors in the United Kingdom, despite their importance in the functioning of the National Health Service. Methods: Survey-based cross-sectional study in which we asked questions about voting behaviour in 2015 and 2017 UK general elections and 2016 referendum on leaving the European Union (Brexit) and questions relating to recent health policies. Results: 1,172 doctors (45.1% women) from 1,295 responded to an online survey. 60.5% described their political views as 'left-wing' and 62.2% described themselves as 'liberal'. 79.4% of respondents voted to remain in the EU in the 2016 referendum compared to 48.1% of voters as a whole (χ2=819.8, p<0.001). 98.6% of respondents agreed that EU nationals working in the NHS should be able to remain in the UK after Brexit. The median score for the impact of Brexit on the NHS on a scale of 0 (worst impact) to 10 (best impact) was 2 (IQR=1-4). Most respondents agreed with the introduction of minimum alcohol pricing in the UK (73.9%), charging patients who are not eligible for NHS treatment for non-urgent care (70.6%) and protecting a portion of national spending for the NHS (87.1%). 65.8% thought there was too much use of NHS-funded private sector provision in their medical practice. Specialty, income and grade were associated with divergent opinions. Conclusions: UK doctors are left-leaning and liberal in general, which is reflected in their opinions on topical health policy issues. Doctors in the UK voted differently from the general electorate in recent polls.

Through narrative accounts, this book explores how women experience the health disruptions and illnesses that impact and often span their lives. The contributors examine how women's broader and ongoing life stories impact and are impacted by health disruptions and illnesses.