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A workshop paper on the impact of social work on urban poverty in the 1990's. ; There are many different theories concerning the causes of poverty. As Hardiman and Midgley (1982:51) point out, explanations that poverty is the result of "laziness, insobriety and irresponsibility", which were widely accepted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are by no means obsolete today. On the other hand there are also various sociological explanations that suggest that social and political factors are primarily responsible. We can identify three major theories that tend to describe the causation of poverty, its relationship to development, and correspondingly suggest certain remedies. There is the "modernisation" school, the international structuralism, or "dependency theory" school, and the "developmental" school of thought. ; Overseas Development Administration, British Development Division, Central Africa.

More than one million young people unemployed, 20 per cent of children leaving school with literacy levels below the age of 11, 350,000 children with alcohol or drug-addicted parents -- these are just a few of its shocking statistics. There is a strong case for piloting alternative approaches, including non-custodial National Service-style programmes focusing on training -- 66 per cent of the juveniles convicted had special education needs. Adapted from the source document.

The British Ministry of Defense is in an awful mess. The Strategic Defence and Security Review, delivered in October 2010, failed to solve some core issues, and there is a real danger that the ministry's downward path will continue to pick up pace - at precisely the wrong time. Adapted from the source document.

The world is rapidly becoming more dangerous, complex, and interconnected. Australia and America recently responded by increasing defence spending and enhancing their overall security effort. In Britain, the outcome will be different, and London's failure to manage its wars and defence and security budgets effectively raises profound questions about its ability to deliver the right outcome in the current Strategic Defence and Security Review. Adapted from the source document.