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This article explores hegemonic and counterhegemonic ideas of masculinity as seen through the political campaigns and programmatic appeals of the Knights of Labor (KOL) in Ontario, 1882 to 1890. The KOL was a movement that sought to unite the working class in opposition to the exploitation of elites. Central to the KOL's opposition was the creation of a counterhegemonic ideal of manhood. For the KOL, the denial of their rights as workers and citizens was intertwined with hegemonic conceptions of masculinity that denied them manhood. Formulating an alternative conception that portrayed working men as manly and members of unproductive elites as unmanly was, therefore, a central element in the KOL program of opposition. The KOL's construction ofa counterhegemonic ideal of manhood that was, at once, challenging and accepting of the dominantideal is illustrative of the significance of masculinity, and gender more broadly, to social movements and social debate.

Cet article analyse la contribution de la contestation contre l'UE à une narration alternative de l'Europe. Se fondant sur des théories de l'euroscepticisme, l'article soutient que la contestation contre l'UE ne nécessite pas d'être basée sur un rejet fondamental de l'intégration européenne. En effet, elle peut faire une contribution constructive à une vision alternative de l'Europe en accentuant des valeurs comme la solidarité, la démocratie, les droits humains ou la protection de l'environnement. L'analyse empirique soutient cet argument en démontrant comment la contestation de l'UE en Allemagne a évoqué des images de « héros » et de « scélérats » d'une Europe alternative.

In the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, Iceland launched a bid to join the European Union. Joining the EU was presented domestically as a key to economic recovery and as a preventative measure against future economic distress. The bid itself was framed within a rapidly shifting political landscape, set against a backdrop of spreading economic malaise across Europe, accompanied by economic bailout plans and austerity measures. Several aspects of the bid's ultimate failure demonstrate the importance of identities and narratives around national independence and European integration. Most saliently, widespread perceptions about what it would mean to join the EU, particularly around sensitive notions of sovereignty, proved insurmountable to the more economistic rationale of the pro-EU campaign. The Icelandic bid thus presents a distinct opportunity to drill down into the complex relationships between austerity economics, popular politics, and the European integration project, with significant policy implications. To better understand the emergence of the bid and its failure in sociopolitical terms we assess different conceptual frameworks, including functionalist, intergovernmentalist, and post-functionalist approaches and theoretical perspectives on crisis and contentious politics. We also include voices of Icelandic citizens from civil society and government collected in research interviews between 2012 and 2018. Overall, our comparative theoretical approach and original case data sharpen an emphasis in the social sciences and policy research on the importance of cultural narrative and identity as key determinants of EU integration.