Suchergebnisse

This study examines how quality, price, and access to curative health care influence use of modern public, modern private, and traditional providers among 3,000 children age 0-2 years in Cebu, Philippines. The analysis relies on a series of household, community, and health facility surveys conducted in 33 rural and urban communities during 1983-1986. The inclusion of data on potential health care users and available providers makes it possible to investigate the impact of the health care environment on demand. Furthermore, since the study is not limited to only those children whose mothers report them as currently ill, it avoids the possible biases caused by using a sample comprised of those who self-report morbidity. Distance to care is important for reducing demand, unlike user fees that show no significant effects on the use of modern public or private services. The availability of oral rehydration therapy and child vaccines, as well as the proportion of doctors to staff, are important for increasing the use of public care, while supplies of intravenous diarrhea treatments raise the demand for private services. Nonmodern practitioners were used more if they had recently attended an nongovernment- or government-sponsored health training session. Parental human capital and household income increase the utilization of private services. Children who are male and younger than 6 months of age are more likely to be taken to private and traditional providers, the two more expensive types of care. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1 ; FCND

Across the globe, girls are systematically excluded from participation in social, economic, and political life. The absence of girls in these arenas has implications not only for the young women themselves but also for society as a whole, exacerbating poverty and perpetuating disparities in health, education, and economic achievement. Internationally, this marginalization makes it difficult or impossible for some countries to achieve society-wide goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals identified by the United Nations as benchmarks to reduce poverty. For a number of years, the Population Council has been studying the causes and effects of girls' social exclusion in developing countries, with projects in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This brief examines which girls are most excluded, girls' social exclusion as a barrier to development, promising strategies for including adolescent girls, and research gaps.

En todo el mundo, las niñas son sistemáticamente excluidas de la participación en la vida social, económica y política. La ausencia de niñas en estos terrenos tiene consecuencias, no solo para las mismas jóvenes sino también para la sociedad en su totalidad, ya que se exacerba la pobreza y se perpetúan las disparidades de salud, educación y éxito económico. A nivel internacional, esta marginación dificulta o hace imposible que algunos países logren objetivos en toda la sociedad, como los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, considerados por las Naciones Unidas como parámetros para reducir la pobreza. Desde hace algunos años, el Population Council ha estado estudiando las causas y efectos de la exclusión social de las niñas en los países en desarrollo, con proyectos en África, Asia y América Latina. Promoción de transiciones a la vida adulta: Sanas, seguras y productivas N° 27 examina cuáles son las niñas más excluidas, la exclusión social de las niñas que constituye una barrera para el desarrollo, las causas subyacentes de la exclusión de las niñas, las estrategias promisorias para incluir a las niñas adolescentes, y las brechas en la investigación. --- Across the globe, girls are systematically excluded from participation in social, economic, and political life. The absence of girls in these arenas has implications not only for the young women themselves but also for society as a whole, exacerbating poverty and perpetuating disparities in health, education, and economic achievement. Internationally, this marginalization makes it difficult or impossible for some countries to achieve society-wide goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals identified by the United Nations as benchmarks to reduce poverty. For a number of years, the Population Council has been studying the causes and effects of girls' social exclusion in developing countries, with projects in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief No. 27 examines which girls are most excluded, ...

This study uses data from KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, to examine the factors associated with schoolgirl pregnancy and subsequent educational pathways. We find that prior schooling discontinuities—defined as instances of non‐pregnancy‐related grade repetition or temporary withdrawals from school—are strongly associated with a young woman's likelihood of later becoming pregnant while enrolled in school, dropping out of school if she becomes pregnant, and not returning to school following a pregnancy‐related dropout. Young women who are the primary caregivers to their children are also significantly more likely to leave school than are those who have help with their childcare responsibilities. Given the increasing importance of female school participation in sub‐Saharan Africa, programs must be designed to reach girls and their families early to increase incentives for ensuring their timely progression through school and to increase their access to reproductive health information and services.

This study examines the poverty reduction implications of the introduction of three different agricultural technologies by government and NGOs in three rural sites across Bangladesh. The first is new vegetable seeds developed by AVRDC introduced in Saturia to women owning small amounts of land by a local NGO, based on a training and credit dissemination approach. The second is polyculture fish technology developed by WorldFish Center and introduced by a government extension program based on private fishponds operated mostly by men in Mymensingh. The third is the same polyculture fish technology, but introduced through a local NGO in Jessore based on the arrangement of leased fishponds operated by groups of low income women, supported by training and credit provision. The study found a number of significant poverty impacts. Among the strongest was in the case of the vegetable technology, which is targeted towards women in households with relatively small amounts of land and is a 'non-lumpy' technology requiring a very low level of investment, but with proportionately significant returns and positive impacts on female empowerment and child nutritional status. The private fishpond technology was less successful in terms of poverty impact, since only better-off households tend to own ponds. This technology, however, had positive effects on the pond and crop profits of these households. The operation of the group fishpond technology, though a potentially beneficial agricultural program for poor households, was significantly undermined by collective action problems. Relative to women who did not have access to this group-based program, female group members appeared to have more mobility, greater likelihood of working for pay, higher off-farm incomes, and better nutritional status. The group fishpond technology was found also to increase vulnerability in a number of ways, such as through the theft of fish from ponds, or through gendered intra-household inequalities in (a) technology-related time burdens and (b) access to markets for and hence income from the agricultural outputs produced. The study overall showed a higher level of trust for NGO as opposed to government services, but also highlighted the variable performance of NGOs. Political dimensions to NGO activity also emerged as important, and are perceived by some sections of the community to affect the dissemination of technologies and extension support services for the technologies. Quantitative and qualitative data were found to complement each other well in the research across a range of issues. For example, the survey addressed female empowerment adopters by measuring the frequency of women's attendance of meetings etc, while the focus groups revealed the importance non-monetary exchange of vegetables between households to maintain social networks and reduce vulnerability. There were also gains through the overall use of the sustainable livelihoods framework as a way of sharpening understanding of the different entry points at which technology can impact on household well-being and vulnerability. -- Authors' Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1 ; EPTD

Women and urban poverty in Guatemala -- Objectives, design, and cost of the Hogares Comunitarios Program -- Overview of study objectives, design, methods, and samples -- The operational evaluation of the Hogares Comunitarios Program : conceptual framework, objectives, and methodology -- How well does the Hogares Comunitarios Program work? : key findings of the operational evaluation and follow-up actions -- The impact evaluation of the Hogares Comunitarios Program : objectives, design, and methodology -- Key findings of the evaluation of the program's coverage, cost, and impact on children's diets

Aunque la asistencia a la escuela y los logros educacionales en Guatemala son bajos al compararse con otros países de América Latina, son las mujeres mayas quienes experimentan una situación de mayor desventaja. Tradicionalmente, la información detallada sobre demografía, educación y estilo de vida de los adolescentes en Guatemala ha sido escasa. La mayor parte de los estudios sobre bienestar se enfocan a los niños o a las mujeres en edad de crianza, siendo pocos los estudios dedicados a los años intermedios. Aprovechando los datos representativos de una encuesta de hogares, este estudio examina los patrones de escolaridad y matrimonio de los adolescentes indígenas y los compara con patrones de mujeres no indígenas y de varones indígenas. En Guatemala, la escolaridad y el bienestar de las y los adolescentes, especialmente de los mayas, constituyen una preocupación creciente del gobierno, las ONG y los actores bilaterales. Esta investigación contribuirá a determinar de qué modolas políticas y programas se pueden diseñar y orientar de manera más efectiva a fin de mejorar la educación de las mujeres mayas. --- Although school attendance and educational attainment in Guatemala are low compared to other Latin American countries, it is Mayan women who experience the greatest disadvantage. Traditionally, detailed information on the demographics, education, and lifestyle of adolescents in Guatemala has been scarce. Most of the studies on well-being focus on children or women of child-rearing age, with few studies devoted to the middle years. Drawing on representative data from a household survey, this study examines the patterns of schooling and marriage of indigenous adolescents and compares them with patterns of non-indigenous women and indigenous men. In Guatemala, schooling and the well-being of adolescents, especially the Mayans, are a growing concern of the government, NGOs, and bilateral actors. This research will help determine how policies and programs can be designed and targeted more effectively to improve ...

Reduction of rural poverty is one of the greatest challenges the Government of Nepal faces. Since most of the country's agricultural production is semi-subsistence-oriented, increased commercialization of this rural-based economy is essential for poverty reduction and economic growth. Consequently, farm output diversification and productivity improvements are high-priority areas for the government. ; PR ; IFPRI1; Gender ; FCND