Suchergebnisse

From November 2003 to January 2004, 126 representatives of societal & interest organisations made use of an invitation to present their concerns in the context of the drafting of a new Austrian constitution in the plenary assembly of the Austrian Convention. The aim was a broad public involvement within a deliberative policy-framework. This article describes the road towards these hearings, the course of events & attempts to paint the mood among the participants in retrospect. For this purpose, in April 2005 questionnaires have been sent to all speakers asking to respond to mainly openly formulated questions. 36 of the addressees complied with this request. Qualitative analysis enables to draw conclusions about potential contributions from organisations of civil society in the context of such a convention. References. Adapted from the source document.

The essay presents the results of a representative survey of 2008 among students of teacher-training courses at universities as well as at universities of education. The survey demonstrates, that most of the students know about the main issues of civic education. However, at the same time the answers reflect a remarkable negative picture about the significance of civic education in their own training. Only a few of the interviewee declared that civic education is or was a systematic & interdisciplinary subject in their teacher-training course. In particular, stronger linkage of theory & practice as well as the handling of controversial themes are identified as desiderata or objectives to be strengthened. As a result the self-assessment of their own competence in teaching civic education is very low. The basic idea of civic education as an integral educational principle is that all school subjects should educate even politically. Nevertheless only teachers of history, language, geography & economics relate their subject to civic education whereas teachers of other school subjects do not so far. Concerning civic education the study shows serious shortcomings in the teacher training in the fields of knowledge & teaching methods. Adapted from the source document.

The experiments were simulated bargaining sessions in which subjects bargained via written offers over the division of a hypothetical 90. Subjects drew a number (break-even point) which indicated the amount they had to exceed in order to make a profit. Written statements about one's
break-even point were permitted. Unbeknownst to the subjects, they actually bargained against a programmed opponent. Experiment I involved one-against-one bargaining (bilateral monopoly) with the factors varied being opponent's break-even point statement (honest, dishonest, none) and
sex of the subject. During the course of the bargaining, the subject learned the opponent's break-even point and, therefore, the opponent's honesty or dishonesty. Experiment 2 was a bilateral monopoly experiment in which the subject learned the opponent's break-even point before
the bargaining began. Subject's break-even point (10, 20, 30) and opponent's comment (honest, dishonest, none) were varied. In Experiment 3 the subject bargained simultaneously with one honest and one dishonest opponent, but was permitted to reach an agreement with only one. In the
bilateral monopoly experiments, subjects imitated the opponent's statement (honest, dishonest or none). Neither the final offer nor the frequency of agreement was affected by the opponent's honesty. In the third experiment, subjects usually made no break-even point statement to either
opponent. When an agreement was reached, it was more frequently with the honest opponent.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health and subsequent economic threat humanity faces. Next to massive global awareness campaigns, governments and NGOs alike stress the need for new innovative strategies to treat microbial infections. One of such innovative strategies is the photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) in which the synergistic effects of photons and drugs are exploited. While many promising reports are available, PACT – and especially the drug-design part behind – is still in its infancy. Common best-practice rules, such as the EUCAST or CLSI protocols for classic antibiotics as well as high-throughput screenings, are missing, and this, in turn, hampers the identification of hit structures. Hit-like structures might come from synthetic approaches or from natural sources. They are identified via activity-guided synthesis or isolation strategies. As source for new antimicrobials, fungi are highly ranked. They share the same ecological niche with many other microbes and consequently established chemical strategies to combat with the others. Recently, in members of the Cortinariaceae, especially of the subgenus Dermocybe, photoactive metabolites were detected. To study their putative photoantimicrobial effect, a photoantimicrobial high-throughput screening (HTS) based on The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) was established. After validation, the established HTS was used to evaluate a sample set containing six colorful representatives from the genus Cortinarius (i.e., Cortinarius callisteus, C. rufo-olivaceus, C. traganus, C. trivialis, C. venetus, and C. xanthophyllus). The assay is built on a uniform, light-emitting diode (LED)-based light irradiation across a 96-well microtiter plate, which was achieved by a pioneering arrangement of the LEDs. The validation of the assay was accomplished with well-known photoactive drugs, so-called photosensitizers, utilizing six distinct emission wavelengths (λ(exc) = 428, 478, 523, 598, or 640 nm) and three ...