Suchergebnisse

The Crime of Human Trafficking: An Introduction -- Addressing Child Trafficking Adopting a Human Rightsbased Approach -- Child trafficking in China as human rights issues -- China's national policy and practices in combating child trafficking -- Filling Policy Gaps from Human Rights-Based Approach.

Purpose
Social entrepreneurship, leveraging economic activities to achieve social benefits, offers women the opportunity to freely and actively shape the contours of their work in meaningful ways. This study aims to examine how Chinese women use job crafting in social entrepreneurship to align their gender identity, forge meaningful work and new relationships and navigate mixed gender expectations.


Design/methodology/approach
The study is based on 19 in-depth interviews with young women engaging in social entrepreneurship in China. Using a grounded theory approach, the study explores how women craft their gender identity into the unconventional career path of creating their social venture, focusing on the creative combination of task, relational and cognitive crafting in shaping social entrepreneurship.


Findings
The findings suggest that women make social entrepreneurship meaningful by actively aligning their gender experiences to delineate a relational and cognitive causal path between their social enterprise, their identity as women and their moral values. By working for a larger social cause, women may cognitively reframe their gender identity to compromise financial performance for social impact.


Originality/value
Current studies on social entrepreneurship in China have yet to examine its development through a gender lens. This study uses job crafting to highlight the distinctive gender meaning-making process for Chinese women to enhance their work identity and to challenge normative gender expectations. The study shows that job crafting enables women to view their social ventures as a means of gender empowerment, helping them to reconcile the paradoxical pressures of normative gender expectations and scaling up their businesses.

While feminist knowledge has historical roots in China, the academic knowledge production about women's and gender studies (WGS) as situated knowledge has always been a contestation between opposing forces. The Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, marked the critical discursive and organizational moment for grounding the feminist concept of gender as an analytical and action framework. Since then, WGS have flourished, but the label of feminism has been ambivalent. To examine the complicated state of academic dependency and the politics of location in this interdisciplinary academic field, I interrogate researchers' positionalities in some recent publications on feminism and gender studies about China by pointing out the interplay of diasporic and domestic positionalities in English and Chinese publication outlets. This article argues that for an interdisciplinary program like WGS, with its inextricable connection to the political state of China and socialist state feminism, the theory of academic dependency cannot adequately capture the often contested, strategic, and situated standpoints of feminist scholars. While diasporic and domestic scholars are deeply aware of their own positionalities in the channel of publications that grant them voices, they are also caught in the current hegemonic political economy of knowledge. This article interrogates the contested positionalities of overseas and domestic feminist scholars in creating a feminist academic field about China.

Chinese feminism has undergone a complex and intriguing development. Chinese women were first acculturated with Marxist women's liberation ideology during the Mao era, and during the 1995 United Nations Fourth Conference on Women in Beijing, Chinese female activists were open to new possibilities of gender consciousness. The shift in Chinese gender ideologies denotes a change in the emphasis on gender sameness to difference. Given this background, this paper examines the gender consciousness adopted by the Chinese female activists in Beijing and argues that "gender"(xinbei) is still a floating concept in China. The cultural frame of gender consciousness adopted by the female activists depends on their social and cultural location, and the activists personal repertoires of gender consciousness serve as a tool kit to draw from during times of organizing. The patchworks of gender consciousness allow activists to maneuver with the authoritarian government and also work with international funding agencies. The paper first explores the different usages adopted by female activists to convey the idea of "gender" and is analyzed according to activists' social and cultural upbringings. "Gender" is an umbrella concept in China, which is sometimes equated with "women/female," sometimes alluding to socialist ideals of female emancipation, or connoting the social construction aspect of "gender" in a Western context. The paper then discusses the prevailing gender repertoires that existed in China and how the concept of "gender"(xinbei) and "social gender"(shehui xinbei) is conceptualized and allowed spaces for practical action.

AbstractInternational capacity cooperation (国际产能合作) exports China's Keynesian project system, offshoring its excess industrial capacity as fixed‐capital investment. Leveraged against foreign exchange reserves, the central policy banks and sovereign wealth funds push credit through a variety of purpose‐built infrastructure investment funds to provincial governments, state‐owned enterprises and ultimately to offshore projects. This paper explores the historical institutional development of funds used to channel central government funds through China's financial bureaucracy into target countries. We explore the export of the policy bank model, provincial implementation and recipient regional industrial policy, and examine the role of international capacity cooperation in China's international trade and investment strategy and its implications for China's domestic industrial policy. We conclude with post‐Keynesian analyses of China's export of industrial overcapacity while maintaining a closed financial model which is likely to introduce excessive risk to the global capital pool.

Abstract
The recent emergence of online crowdfunding campaigns has transformed the charitable landscape in China. This paper examines the participation of one county-level grassroots nonprofit organization (SW) in Tencent's 99 Giving Day to reveal a paradox of organizational success in online crowdfunding, namely that local nonprofits have to wage corresponding offline campaigns with the support of the local government, and thus must co-evolve with local politics. While the online charitable campaign played a crucial role in the founding and professionalization of SW, the successful campaign was soon co-opted by the local government as a source of welfare soft-budgeting and performance management. To ensure the ongoing success of the three-day campaign, the online crowdfunding was transformed into a large-scale offline mobilization. We find that although crowdfunding creates new opportunities for rural grassroots organizations, these organizations must balance dual pressures from both the platform and the local government to successfully crowdfund online.

AbstractThis study investigates the impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on municipal solid waste (MSW). Based on a unique data set of daily discarding records of 252 communities in Beijing, China, we conduct a difference-in-differences estimation and find that the total daily MSW decreased by 134.16 kg in a community, which is equivalent to at least 0.22 kg per household per day, and the average weight of MSW per package decreased by 56.8 per cent after the COVID-19 lockdown. We consider a series of potential mechanisms, such as MSW hoarding, shifts in discarding time, and fear of going out, and find the most support for consumption pattern shifts with reduced consumption. We then discuss the effect of the lockdown on the reduction of MSW generation because of the strict restriction of consumption. We also conduct various heterogeneity analyses. Our results present clear implications for municipal waste management by highlighting the effect of the lockdown on the generation of MSW and the underlying consumption mechanism.