Leadership and performance in informal institutions: the internal dynamics of BRICS
In: Contemporary politics, Volume 30, Issue 1, p. 87-107
ISSN: 1469-3631
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In: Contemporary politics, Volume 30, Issue 1, p. 87-107
ISSN: 1469-3631
In: Third world quarterly: journal of emerging areas, Volume 43, Issue 5, p. 1115-1136
ISSN: 1360-2241
World Affairs Online
In: Asian security, Volume 17, Issue 2, p. 158-177
ISSN: 1555-2764
World Affairs Online
In: Asian security, Volume 17, Issue 2, p. 158-177
ISSN: 1555-2764
In: The Chinese journal of international politics, Volume 13, Issue 1, p. 1-26
ISSN: 1750-8924
Abstract
The post-Cold War international system, dominated by the United States, has been shaken by the relative downturn of the US economy and the simultaneous rise of China. China is rapidly emerging as a serious contender for America's dominance of the Indo-Pacific. What is noticeable is the absence of intense balance of power politics in the form of formal military alliances among the states in the region, unlike state behaviour during the Cold War era. Countries are still hedging as their strategic responses towards each other evolve. We argue that the key factor explaining the absence of intense hard balancing is the dearth of existential threat that either China or its potential adversaries feel up till now. The presence of two related critical factors largely precludes existential threats, and thus hard balancing military coalitions formed by or against China. The first is the deepened economic interdependence China has built with the potential balancers, in particular, the United States, Japan, and India, in the globalisation era. The second is the grand strategy of China, in particular, the peaceful rise/development, and infrastructure-oriented Belt and Road Initiative. Any radical changes in these two conditions leading to existential threats by the key states could propel the emergence of hard-balancing coalitions.
In: The Chinese journal of international politics, Volume 13, Issue 1, p. 1-26
ISSN: 1750-8924
World Affairs Online
In: European journal of international relations, Volume 29, Issue 4, p. 960-989
ISSN: 1460-3713
Informal institutions are important platforms for renegotiating global governance, but there is disagreement on how they operate and challenge the United States (US). Realists view some informal institutions like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) as counter-hegemonic entities, while rational institutionalists focus on their structure and performance in specific areas. However, neither approach explains the internal dynamics that make these institutions robust and potentially counter-hegemonic. To fill this gap, we first develop a new convergence approach for analysing informal institutional dynamics, and then we apply this approach to examine BRICS robustness and BRICS–US relations. Our BRICS Convergence Index measures policy convergence of the BRICS states using a novel data set of BRICS cooperation on 47 policy issues between 2009 and 2021. Using data on US policy preferences on the same issues, we also identify the key sites of BRICS–US contestation. We find an overall increase in BRICS policy convergence and limited divergence from US preferences across a wide range of policy issues. However, since BRICS has engaged with more security issues after 2015 and substantively deepened its cooperation, its capability to counter US influence has grown. Our convergence-focused analysis of informal institutions embraces members' agency and pathways for institution building, while identifying the issues that bind rival countries. As such, it helps explain how informal institutions gain robustness and provides empirical insights into the rise of new powers and global governance reform efforts.
In: European journal of international relations
ISSN: 1460-3713
Informal institutions are important platforms for renegotiating global governance, but there is disagreement on how they operate and challenge the United States (US). Realists view some informal institutions like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) as counter-hegemonic entities, while rational institutionalists focus on their structure and performance in specific areas. However, neither approach explains the internal dynamics that make these institutions robust and potentially counter-hegemonic. To fill this gap, we first develop a new convergence approach for analysing informal institutional dynamics, and then we apply this approach to examine BRICS robustness and BRICS–US relations. Our BRICS Convergence Index measures policy convergence of the BRICS states using a novel data set of BRICS cooperation on 47 policy issues between 2009 and 2021. Using data on US policy preferences on the same issues, we also identify the key sites of BRICS–US contestation. We find an overall increase in BRICS policy convergence and limited divergence from US preferences across a wide range of policy issues. However, since BRICS has engaged with more security issues after 2015 and substantively deepened its cooperation, its capability to counter US influence has grown. Our convergence-focused analysis of informal institutions embraces members' agency and pathways for institution building, while identifying the issues that bind rival countries. As such, it helps explain how informal institutions gain robustness and provides empirical insights into the rise of new powers and global governance reform efforts.
World Affairs Online
SSRN
In: GEODER-D-22-00245
SSRN
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Volume 27, Issue 22, p. 28396-28407
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Volume 29, Issue 23, p. 35365-35381
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Volume 183, p. 109508
ISSN: 1090-2414
In: Materials and design, Volume 219, p. 110784
ISSN: 1873-4197