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ABSTRACT: Gerald Vizenor seeks to challenge static definitions of Native American identity in his early novel Bearheart. To this end, he fills the novel with grotesquely violent and humorous scenes which give the work a seemingly perverse appearance. The normalized violence and the grotesque humor throughout the novel, however, disrupt socially normalized concepts and thwart the reader's notion of normality which is a reminiscent of "realism" as a traditional mode of narrativization. Violence theories of scholars like Schinkel, Arendt, and Benjamin together with humor theories of Morreall, Cohen, and Carroll are drawn upon in order to clarify the interconnected mechanism of humor, grotesquery, and violence in producing tribulations in the narrative line of Bearheart. This aesthetic strategy, which is aligned with a dexterous manipulation of focalization, is used throughout the novel to break the unquestioned authority of masternarratives and also to help the already marginalized Native Americans' voices produce their own narratives of identity. RESUMEN: Gerald Vizenor busca desafiar las definiciones asentadas sobre la identidad de los Nativos Americanos en una de sus primeras novelas, Bearheart. Con este fin, su novela está llena de escenas grotescamente violentas y humorísticas que le dan a la obra una apariencia perversa. Tanto esta violencia normalizada como este humor grotesco a lo largo de la novela, sin embargo, alteran los conceptos normalizados e impiden la noción de normalidad del lector, reminiscencia del realismo como modo tradicional de narración. Se recurre a los estudios sobre la violencia como los de Schinkel, Arendt, y Benjamin y a los teóricos del humor Morreall, Cohen y Carroll para clarificar el mecanismo de las interconexiones del humor, de lo grotesco y de la violencia que producen tribulaciones en la línea de la narrativa de Bearheart. La estrategia estética, junto con una hábil manipulación de la focalización, se usa a lo largo de la novela para romper la autoridad incuestionable de las metanarrativas y así ayudar a los Nativos Americanos, cuyas voces han sido marginalizadas, a que produzcan sus propias narrativas con respecto a su identidad.

Purpose: The current study tries to explore the concept of violence; Justice and alienation in Edward Bond's play Saved. Saved is one of his plays to address the problem of social justice, violence and alienation in the modern world. It also seeks to show the causes which lead to violence and injustice in society. Then it goes to analyze the symbiotic relationship between the human imagination and reason in creating ideologies that affect the society and produce alienation, justice and violence. Methodology: Violence, justice and alienation are prominent phenomena enormously discussed today. Many thinkers have tried to talk about these concepts, but this research has dealt with examining these concepts in the thought of Edward Bond. In this context, data have been collected by using library and documentary method. First, violence, justice and alienation are discussed. Bond a social theorist discusses that a healthy man is a man that connects with the world by love rather than violence, but the aliened man turns toward domination, submission, destruction or combination. Bond discusses that the root of alienation, justice and violence are found in capitalist society and are released through socially. Results: Bond's life has witnessed the events of the Second World War and he has seen the destruction of the cities and the suffering of the people. He is highly aware of the miserable situation in which people lived. He could agitate the audience against the government by the violence shown in his plays. Bond deals with investigating the characteristics of a healthy society. Regarding the approach, he discussed that people having not the desired characteristics will be considered as aliened men. The man who does not have health symptoms would be alienated. Implications: Since people engage in the inauthentic world, subjugated to oppression, live in the misery of universe, succumb to the disasters of everyday life and lack of rights, Playwrights can show and expose in their plays the suffering and suppression that individuals are subjected to. Writers and thinkers can guide people to authentic life and obvious truth of being through their lucid and objective language.

Abstract This article examines the notion of spatial politics in Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. The two eponymous characters enter the politically convulsive world of Hamlet, where scarcely any legitimate power structure controls the state. Their regularized political rationality ceases to apply to the world; reality violates the empirical knowledge -emplacements, geographical and spiritual directions, and identity in general - of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The previously defined functions of places, or heterotopias (in Foucauldian terms), are in a state of abeyance. Therefore, they are lost in the midst of the unknown sets of spatial relations; any sorts of intentional act evade them; and they die and vanish absurdly in a placeless place.

This article examines the notion of spatial politics in Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. The two courtiers enter the politically convulsive world of Hamlet, where no legitimate power structure takes hold of the state. Their regularized political rationality ceases to apply to the world; reality violates the empirical knowledge — emplacements, geographical and spiritual directions, and generally identity — of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The previously defined functions of places, or heterotopias (in Foucauldian terms), are in a state of abeyance. Therefore, they are lost in the midst of the unknown sets of spatial relations; any sorts of intentional act evade them; and they die and vanish absurdly in a placeless place. ; Este artigo examina a noção de política espacial em Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, de Tom Stoppard. Os dois cortesãos entram no mundo politicamente convulsivo de Hamlet, onde nenhuma estrutura de poder legítimo toma conta do estado. Sua racionalidade política regularizada deixa de ser aplicável ao mundo; a realidade viola o conhecimento empírico - direções geográficas e espirituais, e, geralmente, identidade - de Rosencrantz e Guildenstern. As funções previamente definidas de lugares, ou heterotopias (em termos de Foucault), estão em um estado de suspensão. Portanto, eles estão perdidos no meio dos conjuntos desconhecidos de relações espaciais; qualquer tipo de ato intencional escapa-lhes; morrem e desaparecem absurdamente em um lugar sem lugar.

Art in general and fiction in particular have had close affinities with politics throughout history. When there is a close tie between a narrative fiction and political issues then critics may deem it as "committed fiction". Political fiction is at the crossroads of political science and the art of fiction. And more often than not, novelists are involved with politics but not all of them are dubbed as or even consider themselves to be political novelists. In this article I attempt to investigate political fiction as a distinct genre produced (un)consciously by a range of (politically committed) novelists and critics. The authors discussed in this paper demonstrate dissimilar perspectives on freedom and democracy. Also, regarding political fiction and the responsibility of author, we will see how divergent is the attitudes of critics such as George Orwell, Allen Robbe-Grillet, Juan Goytisolo, Mario Vargas Llosa and Isabel Allende.

This essay sets out to study the function of hybridity and mimicry in Jean Rhy's acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea drawing on Homi K. Bhabha's theoretical framework in this regard. In this novel, Antoinette emerges as the "Other" who aims to prove herself to the "Centre". Undergoing extreme sufferings, the heroine wistfully ponders mimicry as an impulse to break out of her mare's nest and to establish herself within one culture. Indeed, unlike what Bhabha believes mimicry cannot upset the total authority of the "Centre". Meanwhile, Antoinette used it as a result of her longings for the position of the "Centre" which she is unable to attain because of her hybrid existence. Countering Homi K. Bhabha's central argument, this essay contends that Antoinette's mimicry of Englishness fails to fend off the norms of the superior power, but partakes in celebrating the very ideals that Bhabah's theory is trying to keep at bay.

The rise of the Safavid dynasty (1501-1736) in Persia has had a profound impact on the lives of Iranians. The Safavids established the first Iranian national government after Islam, a government that ubsequently helped Iranian identity to take new forms. The authors develop a discussion concerning the customs and common interests of Iranians that are central to the construction of national identity as they are portrayed in oral folktales about Shah Abbas (1582-1629). The identity components that are identified and examined by the authors in approximately one hundred and fifty tales persist as fundamental features of Iranian identity, bar a few alterations regarding modern Iranians. Because of their frequency, sustenance and richness in quantity, the Safavid folktales have subconsciously played a significant role in representing a pattern for modern Iranians' national identity. In sum, this paper seeks to find a link between folktales and the construction of national identity, particularly on the Iranian plateau. *** Vzpon dinastije Safavidov (1501–1736) v Perziji je globoko vplival na življenje Irancev. Safavidi so ustanovili prvo iransko nacionalno vlado, ki je prispevala, da je iranska identiteta dobila nove oblike. V tem članku so obravnavane navade in skupni interesi Irancev, kakor se kažejo v ustnem izročilu ljudskih pripovedi, povezanih s šahom Avvasom (1582–1629) in so osrednjega pomena v graditvi iranske nacionalne identitete. Sestavine identitete so izluščene in obravnavane iz gradiva 150 pripovedi. Z nekaj spremembami, ki se nanašajo na sodobne Irance, so ostale temljne poteze iranske identitete. Zaradi pogostnosti, vsebine in bogastva so bile safavidske pripovedi nezavedno pomembne za vzorec sodobne identitete Irancev. Prispevek se torej osredinja na vez med ljudskimi pripovedmi in graditvijo nacionalne identitete, zlasti na Iranskem višavju.

Purpose: This research paper is an attempt to investigate Foucault's concepts of power relations and knowledge and their impact on modern society. The study will explain Foucault's influence on the Historical movement and Cultural materialism. By Focusing on Foucauldian reading of Power and knowledge, Historical movement and Cultural materialism were able to conceive the historical events and their role to generate a mature society. Methodology: Power relations and knowledge are prevalent concepts of Foucault vastly argued today. These two concepts have been examined by many critics from different views, but this paper tries to study power relations and knowledge from Foucault's view. These two concepts are closely related to Historical and Cultural materialism movements and they have a huge impact on them. In this context, data have been collected by using the library and documentary method. Findings: Foucault's period exposed a lot of events. Foucault in a certain period his writings and researches were responses to Althusser's ideological ideas. Foucault's researches have a vast impact on other thinkers in which many types of theses researches in contemporary age deal with issues that Foucault involves in his works. He has dealt with social, political and economic issues. This study helps us to find solutions for many issues at present. Foucault has focused on the significance of the past and relate to the present. For him, without the past, we cannot understand the present. Therefore, the new historicists were admired and inspired by him because they have been focused on the importance of the past to create the present. Implications: Foucault has criticized the dictatorship governments that tried to separate the past from the present. Individuals were oppressed and subjected to the dominant policies of the tyrant governments but Foucault as critic and theorist through his writings could relate the past to the present and how positively affect the society. He can affect and lead individuals to the safe side by resisting the tyrant apparatuses running by the governments. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study has explored the Foucauldian concepts of power and Knowledge and its influence on society. It will enable the reader to have ample knowledge of how Foucault was able to create an active society that can revolt against oppression and domination. This study will help grant the readers a wide variety of knowledge of such society and how they can demand their rights.

The Chippewa novelist Gerald Vizenor puts across his interconnected politico-philosophical notions of "survivance" and "terminal creeds" in his early novel, Bearheart. To do so, Vizenor implemented some of the aesthetic strategies of magical realism. He filled his novel with an excessive amount of bizarrely sexual and violent scenes-which turn out to be magical-in order to "upset" the established standards of normality. Moreover, he used American Indian mythic folktales of transformation and metamorphosis, a magical realist technique, to re-shape the cultural and tribal identity in Bearheart's modernized context.