Suchergebnisse

Education in law in Norway must be characterised as an open educational field, with lower entry requirements than other prestigious professional fields. Such an open system might be expected to lead to a high degree of equality by social class origin among the graduates. The impact of social origin is assessed at different steps of the educational and occupational career in a unique sample consisting of all Norwegian graduates in law between 1981 and 1996. The results demonstrate that there is a high level of social inequality in academic performance, which is greater at later stages than early in the educational career. Large and increasing income inequality is found also, for graduates with equal levels of academic performance. Various mechanisms that may produce this pattern are discussed, including specific forms of cultural capital, such as knowledge about strategies of self-employment, social and financial capital.

Comparative studies of sex segregation indicate that the levels in the Scandinavian countries are high, especially in Norway. Observers tend to link this to various aspects of the social democratic welfare state. This article examines the thesis that the public sector in the Scandinavian welfare state model is an attractive employer for women, with regard to both working conditions and wages. The data consist of a sample from the 1990 Norwegian population census of men and women between the age of 40 and 45. The economic consequences of the same occupational choices are shown to vary for men and women. The men have greater earnings advantages if they choose occupations in the private sector with low proportions of women. The earnings advantages for women in such occupations, compared to women in public sector occupations, are far lower. Further, the earnings of women in private sector male-dominated occupations are influenced by their childcare responsibilities. The higher the childcare responsibilities, the lower the earnings. No effects of childcare responsibilities are found among women in public sector occupations with large proportions of men. These findings thus indicate that the size and the organisation of the public sector in Scandinavia contributes to sex segregation in the labour market.

The question addressed here is whether, and to what extent, social class origin has an impact on earnings among people with similar educational credentials and similar occupational positions. It is argued that earnings advantages of those originating in the upper or upper-middle classes are likely to be found primarily among those who choose education and occupations in the sector of their origin, and in occupations in which the criteria for measuring work performance are unclear. These assumptions are tested out on data on a selection of upper-level educational and occupational groups from the Norwegian censuses of 1980 and 1990. The analyses document that those who have experienced social mobility tend to get the lowest earnings, but the pattern of earnings inequality varies with educational and occupational group. Those originating in the cultural sector gain the greatest earnings advantages there, whereas the highest earnings among managers and business executives are found among those who originate in the business environment.

"Situated on Europe's northern periphery, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden found themselves caught between warring powers during World War II. Ultimately, these nations survived the conflict as sovereign states whose wartime experiences have profoundly shaped their historiography, literature, cinema and memory cultures. Nordic War Stories explores the commonalities and divergences among the five Nordic countries, examining national historiographies alongside representations of the war years in canonical literary works, travel writing, and film media. Together, they comprise a valuable companion that challenges the myth of Scandinavian homogeneity while demonstrating the powerful influence that the war continues to exert on national identities"