Suchergebnisse

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to test the individual and parliamentary constituency factors that impact the level of trust that British citizens have in the courts.MethodsBy using a Bayesian hierarchical model, this article is able to calculate the effect of variables that exist at both levels.ResultsAt the individual level, the main explanatory variable is the amount of trust a citizen holds for other institutions, and at the constituency level, crime rate has an effect on a citizen's level of trust in the courts.ConclusionPrevious findings related to citizen attitudes and support for courts in the United States transfer well to the United Kingdom.

AbstractWhy do some countries deviate from European Union law? More specifically, why do countries violate the Stability and Growth Pact, which is a cornerstone piece of legislation for the shared economy? Is it that violators simply have no other choice due to economic need? Are the violators intentional deviators that are simply able to violate the Stability and Growth Pact because of their power in the European Union? This article answers these questions and identifies those factors that are most likely to impact a country's deviation from the two main clauses of the Stability and Growth Pact. The major finding is that it is economic need, not a country's relative power, governing ideology or diffusion, that has a large impact on which clause will be violated.

This research focuses on investigating the mechanical behavior of cracked aluminum panels repaired with bonded boron/epoxy composite patches. The effects of crack initiation and growth on the residual strength of the repaired panels are characterized. This research establishes a correlation between damage modes, residual strength and evolution of strain within as well as outside the patch. Monotonic tensile tests on specimens with a perfectly bonded patch were used to determine the base line strength. Likewise, fatigue tests on specimens with a perfectly bonded patch served to establish baseline fatigue life. In addition, several specimens with a perfectly bonded patch were subjected to different fractions of the expected fatigue life, introducing damage, which were quantified by NDE techniques. These specimens were then subjected to a monotonic tensile test to failure in order to characterize the residual strength and the evolution of strain within and outside the patch, and the correlation between the disbonds and strain measurements at various locations on the specimen. This research looks to help in extending the service life of military and commercial aging aircraft, by using bonded composite patches on developing cracks in the structure. Bonded composite patches may be able to replace the crack patching technique of using bolted joints, which have the disadvantage of requiring holes to be machined in the metallic structure, which decreases its load-carrying capacity, creating stress concentrations and sites for crack initiation. In this study it was learned how the strain values increase as the crack grows. And despite differing crack growth rates, the strain values followed the growth of the crack closely throughout all the tests. The effects of overload situations were seen, and how this produces a retardation effect in the rate of growth of the crack.

Untersucht wird die Geschichte des Führerkorps des nationalsozialistischen Reichsarbeitsdienstes von seinen Anfängen im Freiwilligen Arbeitsdienst der Weimarer Republik bis zu den Traditionsverbänden der ehemaligen Führer in der Gegenwart. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der Sozial- und Institutionsgeschichte des Führerkorps, die um alltags- und mentalitätsgeschichtliche Aspekte ergänzt werden. Auf der Grundlage einer statistischen Auswertung von 1000 Personalakten werden die Zusammensetzung und die Sozialstruktur des Führerkorps, seine "Gleichschaltung" sowie seine Beziehungen zu Militär, Nationalsozialismus und Kirche analysiert. Als Folie für die Interpretation dient der Vergleich mit anderen Berufsgruppen sowie den Führerkorps anderer NS-Organisationen. Aufbauend auf dieser prosopographischen Untersuchung wird anhand von zeitgenössischen und autobiographischen Äußerungen von Arbeitsdienstführern erklärt, warum der Arbeitsdienst so positiv erlebt wurde, daß er Teil der Identität vieler Führer wurde, und welche Faktoren zur Entstehung einer Gemeinschaft unter den Führern beitrugen, die bis in die jüngste Vergangenheit hinein bestand. Das primäre Interesse gilt hierbei den Mechanismen, mit denen der totalitäre NS-Staat bei den Angehörigen seiner unteren und mittleren Führungs- und Trägerschichten Loyalität erzeugte und erhielt. Schließlich wird die Rolle der Führer im Lageralltag und in der Lagererziehung des Reichsarbeitsdienstes betrachtet. Die Strukturen der Lager und die zu konstatierende Diskrepanz zwischen Anspruch und Realität der Lagererziehung lassen dabei Schlüsse auf Charakter und Funktion des Arbeitsdienstes im "Dritten Reich" zu. ; This study focuses on the history of the Leader Corps (Führerkorps) of the German National Socialist Reich labour service (Reichsarbeitsdienst). Starting with its beginnings in the voluntary labour service (Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst) during the Weimar Republic the study follows its development up to current day veteran associations of the former leaders. It emphasises the social and the institutional history of the leadership, supplemented by aspects of everyday life history and mentality history. On the basis of a statistical evaluation of 1000 personal files, the analysis centres on the composition and social structure of the leadership, its "Gleichschaltung" and its relation to the military, national socialism and the church. These interpretations are then compared and contrasted with other occupational groups and leaderships of other "Third Reich" organizations. Based on this prosopographical study, it is explained - using contemporary and autobiographical material - why the labour service itself was experienced so positively, that it became part of its leaders identities, and which factors furthered the emergence, and ensured the continuance, of a community until very recently. The main focus here is on the mechanisms that the totalitarian NS-regime used to produce, encourage and maintain loyalty by the members of its lower and middle leaderships. Finally, the role of these leaders in everyday Camp life and Camp education of the Reichsarbeitsdienst is examined; the structures of these Camps, and manifest discrepancy between the theory and reality of Camp education, clearly point to conclusions about the character and the function of the labour service in the "Third Reich".

If African developing countries are to benefit fully from the current boom in foreign direct investment (FDI) in extractives (i.e. mining and oil/gas), it is essential that the foreign investors foster linkages to the local economy. Traditionally, extractive FDI in Africa has been seen as the enclave economy par excellence, moving in with fully integrated value chains, extracting resources and exporting them as commodities having virtually no linkages to the local economy. However, new opportunities for promoting linkages are offered by changing business strategies of local African enterprises as well as foreign multinational corporations (MNCs). MNCs in extractives are increasingly seeking local linkages as part of their efficiency, risk, and asset-seeking strategies, and linkage programmes are becoming integral elements in many MNCs' corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. At the same time, local African enterprises are eager to, and increasingly capable of, linking up to the foreign investors in order to expand their activities and acquire technology, skills and market access. The changing strategies of MNCs and the improving capabilities of African enterprises offer new opportunities for governments and donors to mobilize extractive FDI for development goals. This paper seeks to take stock of what we know about the state of and driving forces of linkage formation in South Sahel Africa extractives based on a review of the extant literature. The paper argues that while MNCs and local enterprises by themselves will indeed produce linkages, the scope, depth and development impacts of linkages eventually depend on government intervention. Resource-rich African countries' governments are aware of this and linkage promotion is increasingly becoming a key element in their industrialization strategies. A main point of the paper is that the choice between different linkage policies and approaches should be informed by a firm understanding of the workings of the private sector as well as the political and institutional capacity of host governments to adopt and implement linkage policies and approaches.

After a decade of steadily growing foreign direct investment (FDI) in extractives, Tanzania is now facing a virtual 'take off'' in extractive FDI. One of the concerns related to these investments is whether the foreign investors are linking up sufficiently with local firms through localized supply chains and service inputs. In theory, the opportunities for linkage formation in Tanzania are due to the growing propensity of extractive multinational corporations (MNCs) to outsource sections of their value chain. However, our review demonstrates that linkages in Tanzanian extractives are few and that those that do exists are typically shallow and confined to simple, low value added tasks. The reason for the lack of linkages is mainly that the technology gap between MNCs and local firms is too big to bridge and that a toxic Tanzanian business environment makes contractual partnerships between local firms and MNCs difficult. The lack of linkages amplifies already widespread concerns that extractive FDI leaves too few development benefits for Tanzanian society. As a consequence, pressure is mounting on the government to force MNCs into localizing their value chains though mandatory local content and ownership requirements. The paper assesses the diverging interests and pressures for linkage formation in Tanzanian extractives and discusses whether or not the Tanzanian government will be able to exploit the opportunity offered by the surge in extractive FDI to spur economic development and industrial transformation. The conclusion is that there is a risk that Tanzania will forego this development opportunity due to lack of focused industrial vision and policy.

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Far Right Failure: Parties of the Far Right in Germany, 1945-2023 -- Chapter 3: A Theory of Populist Far Right Issue Entrepreneurship in an Age of Dealignment -- Chapter 4: Emergence: The AfD and the European Debt Crisis in in the 2013 Federal Election -- Chapter 5: Breakthrough: The Refugee Crisis, Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, and the Success of the AfD in the 2017 Federal Election -- Chapter 6: Sustainment: The AfD and the COVID-19 Pandemic in the 2021 Federal Election -- Chapter 7: Strategies for Sustaining Success: Ideological Positioning and Fashioning a Party Brand -- Chapter 8: Sustaining Success Beyond the Core: Campaign Posters and the Professionalization of the AfD -- Chapter 9: Conclusion: Issue Entrepreneurship and the Future of the AfD.

Abstract
Introduction
This article explores how individual-level attitudes towards the exchange of sexual services for payment differ between the Nordic countries. The sparse existing research points to gender and general attitudes towards sexual behavior as powerful predictors of attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment. However, there are no previous research agendas that attempt to explain variance in such attitudes including all the Nordic countries.

Methods
We estimate regression models utilizing data from the joint Wave 5 European Values Study (EVS)/World Values Survey (WVS) Wave 7 (EVS 2017; WVS, 2020) asking about the acceptability of prostitution to predict attitudes towards the exchange of sexual services for payment in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.

Results
The findings point to considerable variation in attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment in the Nordic countries. The attitudinal differences align with how the different Nordic governments have approached the issue at hand. Moreover, the results suggest that gender and attitudes towards non-committal casual sex play a critical role in determining attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment. The impact of attitudes towards non-committal casual sex on attitudes towards the acceptability of exchanging sex for payment is different for women when compared to men in four of the five countries.

Conclusions
The empirical results provide convincing evidence that women are less likely than men to translate liberal attitudes towards general sexual behavior into lenient attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment.

Policy Implications
The results indicate that government policies play a crucial role in shaping public attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment, and policymakers should consider the potential impact of their stance on the issue. Policymakers and others who want to shift attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment in the Nordic region should be cognizant of their interconnectedness with gender and attitudes towards non-committal casual sex.