Suchergebnisse

Abstract: This article conducts an analysis into long-term contractual practices for the outsourcing of social services. Until recently social services in Scandinavia have been provided by public entities on an administrative basis. With the primary aim to increase efficiency and reduce public budgets these tasks are however today to a large extent undertaken by private companies on the basis of long-term contracts entered into with local governments (municipalities). This Nordic model for privatization of public welfare is not unconditionally successful. Municipalities seem to hesitate in giving effect to the rising private market for welfare services. They insist on an almost complete control with the performances of the private service providers in the full length of the contracting period. In the legal literature it has been suggested that there are public law limits to privatization. The analysis of contractual strategies and practices for contracting out public welfare in this article shows that there are limits in private law for the 'publicization' of contracts and markets as well. Résumé: Cet article analyse les pratiques contractuelles à long terme de la soustraitance de services sociaux. Jusqu'à récemment, les services sociaux en Scandinavie étaient fournis sur un plan administratif par des entités publiques. Or, dans le but principal d'accroître l'efficacité et de réduire les dépenses publiques, ces tâches sont actuellement exercées pour une large part par des entreprises privées sur base de contrats à long terme conclus avec des pouvoirs locaux (municipalités). Ce modèle nordique de privatisation de l'aide sociale ne connaît pas un succès inconditionnel. Les municipalités semblent réticentes face à l'application aux services sociaux de règles du marché privé grandissant. Elles insistent sur un contrôle presque complet des activités des fournisseurs privés de services durant toute la durée de la période contractuelle. On a suggéré dans la doctrine juridique qu'il y a des limites de droit public à la privatisation. L'analyse de stratégies et pratiques contractuelles de transfert des services d'aide sociale révèle dans cet article qu'il y a aussi des limites de droit privé à la 'publicisation' de contrats et marchés.

Inddragelse af den afrikanske arbejdsstyrke i den globale arbejdsstyrke vil givetvis kunne placere Afrika i den internationale arbejdsdeling – og Danmark kan yde et væsentligt bidrag.

Abstract
Companies in global value chains respond to the general sustainability agenda in society by inserting sustainability clauses into their contracts and it has been argued that there is a need to develop general contract law (default contract law rules) in order for it to be able to respond to this sustainability agenda. This article firstly examines the basis for this view and three specific areas of interest in this regard. Secondly, it draws attention to the internal tensions that will be created in the chain by on the one hand pursuing sustainability goals, external to the interests of the contracting parties, and on the other hand a consequential need to protect the supplier as the weaker party in the chain.

Private governance can be defined as the phenomenon of private actors pursuing public goals and interests in the exercising of traditional state functions in the forms of rulemaking, implementation and dispute resolution. Private governance in these three 'columns' can have different sources and can be either 'state driven' or 'market driven'. Whereas implications of private governance have to some extent been explored in public law, this article analyses the legal implications in private law and suggests a specific systematic approach. As examples, we focus on the supply chain as a market driven private governance system and the private provision of universal services as a state driven private governance system. The analysis shows how such private governance systems pose an immense challenge to the existing doctrines of private law and create considerable legal uncertainty. The analysis also leads to two more precise findings: (1) a private law analysis can benefit from focusing on the interplay between private governance in the three columns, and (2) the implications in private law seem to be of a different nature in the market driven as compared to the state driven private governance systems analysed.

Denne artikel diskuterer samtidstendenser i den danske småbørnspædagogik. Det konkluderes, at de demokratiske tendenser stadig er relativt stærke, men at disse tendenser for tiden i stigende grad bliver fortolket gennem en forvaltningsmæssig og praksisorienteret ramme med fokus på test af standardiserede kundskaber og færdigheder. Pædagogikken - i virkeligheden et dybt politisk anliggende - tager sig ud som et rent teknisk anliggende (hvad virker?). ; This paper discusses trends in contemporary Danish early childhood education and care (ECEC). Data are sourced from various policy documents, along with material from ongoing research projects in which the authors are involved. It is claimed that contemporary policy on Danish day care services has a tendency to emphasize narrow curriculum improvements and standardized testing. The democratic dimensions are still relatively strong, but at the moment these dimensions are interpreted within a skills-and-testing framework, which is leading to a situation where the political masquerades as the technical.

The Kenya coastline extends 600 km from the border of Tanzania in the south to the border of Somalia in the north (Fig. 1). The Kenyan coast features a diverse marine environment, including estuaries, mangroves, sea grass beds and intertidal reef platforms and coral reefs, which are vital for the reproduction of marine organisms. These coastal ecosystems are regarded as some of the most valuable in Kenya but face serious threats from the ever increasing human pressure of tourism, industrial pollution, destructive fishing, mangrove logging and other unsustainable uses of marine resources. Another serious threat is the maritime transportation activities along the coast and at the ports. It is estimated that at any given time more than 50 ships operate in the major shipping lanes off the Kenyan coast, of which about nine are oil tankers with capacities ranging from 50 000 to 250 000 tonnes. Furthermore, the harbour of Mombasa serves as the major port for countries in East Africa. In recognition of the risks posed by oil pollution the government of Kenya and the commercial petroleum industry agreed to develop a National Oil Spill Response Contingency Plan (NOSRCP) with the purpose of enabling a speedy and effective response to any oil spill within the territorial waters of Kenya. An important element of this plan was the mapping of the coastal resources and the development of an environmental sensitivity atlas showing the vulnerability of the coast to marine oil spills. In 2004, the Government of Kenya approached the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Kenya for financial support to develop an environmental sensitivity atlas. The project was approved and forwarded for funding by the Danish Consultancy Trust Fund administrated by United Nations Operational Program (UNOPS) in Copenhagen. The project was announced in Denmark, and the KenSea group headed by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) was awarded the contract. The project comprises four phases: (1) data compilation and development of the KenSea database, (2) development of a coastal classification for Kenya, (3) development of the sensitivity index jointly with a group of stakeholders, and (4) compilation of the KenSea environmental sensitivity atlas (Tychsen 2006).