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International audience ; In 1662 the Cavalier Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity to impose ecclesiastical conformity. Ministers were ordered to declare in front of their congregations their "unfeigned assent and consent" to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. The act stipulated the deprivation of those who refused and three months imprisonment for those who continued to preach. Unable to comply, some changed profession and others took the risk of gathering separate churches. However, there were some who remained involved in the national church. This article first establishes the common characteristics of three nonconforming ministers which would have made it unlikely for them to conform. Secondly, it presents circumstances, relationships and personal qualities which helped these godly clergymen to continue ministering within the Church of England post 1662. Through their autobiographies and their diaries, this article analyses the personal narratives of Ralph Josselin of Earls Colne (Essex), Edmund Trench (Kent), and Oliver Heywood (Yorkshire). ; En 1662, le Parlement adopta un « Acte d'Uniformité » pour imposer la conformité ecclésiastique. Les pasteurs reçurent l'ordre de déclarer devant leur congrégation leur « assentiment et consentement » au Livre des Prière Publiques de 1662. La loi impliquait la fin des bénéfices cléricaux pour ceux qui refusaient de s'y soumettre et trois mois d'emprisonnement si un pasteur continuait à prêcher. Refusant tout compromis, certains pasteurs changèrent de profession ou prirent le risque de fonder des Églises séparées. Cependant, certains continuèrent d'officier au sein de l'Église nationale. Cet article révèle d'abord certaines caractéristiques communes à trois pasteurs nonconformistes, qui expliquent leur refus de se conformer. Deuxièmement, il s'attache à déterminer pour ces pasteurs les circonstances personnelles, les réseaux et les qualités qui ont servi à ces pasteurs pour poursuivre leur ministère au sein de l'Église d'Angleterre après 1662. C'est au travers leurs ...

International audience ; In 1662 the Cavalier Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity to impose ecclesiastical conformity. Ministers were ordered to declare in front of their congregations their "unfeigned assent and consent" to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. The act stipulated the deprivation of those who refused and three months imprisonment for those who continued to preach. Unable to comply, some changed profession and others took the risk of gathering separate churches. However, there were some who remained involved in the national church. This article first establishes the common characteristics of three nonconforming ministers which would have made it unlikely for them to conform. Secondly, it presents circumstances, relationships and personal qualities which helped these godly clergymen to continue ministering within the Church of England post 1662. Through their autobiographies and their diaries, this article analyses the personal narratives of Ralph Josselin of Earls Colne (Essex), Edmund Trench (Kent), and Oliver Heywood (Yorkshire). ; En 1662, le Parlement adopta un « Acte d'Uniformité » pour imposer la conformité ecclésiastique. Les pasteurs reçurent l'ordre de déclarer devant leur congrégation leur « assentiment et consentement » au Livre des Prière Publiques de 1662. La loi impliquait la fin des bénéfices cléricaux pour ceux qui refusaient de s'y soumettre et trois mois d'emprisonnement si un pasteur continuait à prêcher. Refusant tout compromis, certains pasteurs changèrent de profession ou prirent le risque de fonder des Églises séparées. Cependant, certains continuèrent d'officier au sein de l'Église nationale. Cet article révèle d'abord certaines caractéristiques communes à trois pasteurs nonconformistes, qui expliquent leur refus de se conformer. Deuxièmement, il s'attache à déterminer pour ces pasteurs les circonstances personnelles, les réseaux et les qualités qui ont servi à ces pasteurs pour poursuivre leur ministère au sein de l'Église d'Angleterre après 1662. C'est au travers leurs autobiographies et de leurs journaux privés que cet article analyse les récits personnels de Ralph Josselin (Essex), Edmund Trench (Kent), et Oliver Heywood (Yorkshire).

AbstractThis paper provides a case study of online pirate communities who use peer-to-peer networks to share copyrighted material illegally. Early scholars of peer-to-peer networks posited the possibility of a total network collapse due to issues of free-riding. When these networks are used to distribute copyrighted material illegally, the increased risk of legal punishment adds a further disincentive to contribute. This paper uses Ostrom's (2005) framework to categorize the rules used in pirate communities to solve collective action problems, evidencing the applicability and robustness of Ostrom's framework for self-governance under less favorable conditions. Through the use of boundary, position, information, and payoff rules, pirate communities are able to mitigate free-riding in the network.

With more and more computing devices being deployed in buildings there has been a steady rise in buildings? electricity consumption. These devices not only consume electricity but also produce heat, which increases loading on ventilation systems, further increasing electricity consumption. At the same time there is a pressing need to reduce overall building energy consumption. For example, the European Union?s strategy for security of energy supply highlights energy saving in buildings as a key target area. One approach to reducing energy consumption of devices in buildings is to improve the effectiveness of their power management. Current state-of-the-art computer power management is predominantly focused on extending battery life for mobile computing devices. The majority of policies are low-level and are used to manage sub-components within the overall computing device. The key trade-off for these policies is device performance versus increased battery life. In contrast, stationary computing devices do not have battery limitations and typically the most significant energy savings are achieved by switching the entire device to standby. However, switching to a deep standby state can cause significant user annoyance due to the relatively long resume time and possible false power downs. Consequently these energy saving features are typically not enabled (or used with long timeouts). To increase enablement, policies for stationary devices need to operate in a near transparent fashion, i.e., operate automatically and with little user-perceived performance degradation. Context-aware pervasive computing describes a vision of computing everywhere that seamlessly assists us in our daily tasks, i.e., many functions are intelligently automated. Information display, computing, sensing and communication will be embedded in everyday objects and within the environment?s infrastructure. Seamless interaction with these devices will enable a person to focus on their task at hand while the devices themselves vanish into the background. Realisation of this vision could exacerbate the building energy problem as more stationary computing devices are deployed but it could also provide a solution. Context information (e.g., user location information) likely to be available in such pervasive computing environments could enable highly effective power management for many of a building?s electricity consuming devices. We term such power management techniques as context-aware power management (CAPM), their principal objective being to minimise overall electricity consumption while maintaining user-perceived device performance. The current state of the art in context-aware computing focuses on developing inference techniques for determining high-level context from low-level, noisy, and incomplete sensor data. Possible approaches include rule-based inference, Bayesian inference, fuzzy control, and hidden Markov models. Successful inference enables the vision of computing services interfacing seamlessly and transparently with users? daily tasks. One such desirable, transparent service is context-aware power management. We have identified several key requirements and designed a framework for CAPM. At the core of the framework, a Bayesian inference technique is employed to infer relevant context from a given range of sensors. We have identified the principal context required for effective CAPM as being (i) when the user is not using and (ii) when the user is about to use a device. Accurately inferring this user context is the most challenging part of CAPM. However, there is also a balance between how much energy additional context can save and how much it will cost both monetarily and energy wise. To date there has been some research in the area of CAPM but to our knowledge there has been no detailed study as to what granularity of context is appropriate and what are the potential energy savings. We have conducted an extensive user study to empirically answer these questions for CAPM of desktop PCs in an office environment. The sensors used are keyboard/mouse input, user presence based on Bluetooth beaconing, near presence based on ultrasonic range detection, face detection, and voice detection. Results from the study show that there is wide variability of usage patterns and that there is a balance whereby adding more sensors actually increases the energy consumption. For the desktop PC study, idle time, user presence, and near presence are sufficient for effective power management coming within 6-9% of the theoretical optimal policy (on average). Beyond this face detection and voice detection consumed more than they saved. The evaluation further demonstrates the use of Bayesian inference as a viable technique for CAPM. ; TARA (Trinity's Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

Pourquoi les gens enterrent-ils des objets avec leurs morts ? Dans le présent article, nous proposons une théorie des objets funéraires comme mécanisme à même d'atténuer les conflits internes. Lorsque les lois sur l'héritage sont ambiguës et que des mécanismes de règlement des différends peu coûteux n'existent pas, la destruction délibérée de la richesse peut empêcher un conflit sur la redistribution des actifs après un décès. Plutôt que de se livrer à de coûteuses luttes intestines sur l'héritage, les parties peuvent convenir de la destruction mutuelle à travers une pratique culturelle partagée des biens funéraires. Nous testons notre théorie sur la base de preuves en lien avec la saga de l'ère Viking.

`Privatization' has taken many different forms over recent years, and different kinds of privatization have very different sociological implications for consumers of state services. The paper develops a typology of privatization and considers how each type might change the relationship between producers and consumers. It is argued that consumer powerlessness is endemic in many areas of state provision, but that privatization does not necessarily affect this. Indeed, the story of privatization in Britain over the last ten years suggests that those forms of privatization which most empower consumers relative to producers have been precisely those forms which are least developed.