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It is uncertain whether a Canadian orphan drug policy, similar to those used in the US and EU, will be given further consideration. The justification for having an orphan drug policy is initially discussed, with this article proceeding on the basis that morality and a commitment to equality validate providing some form of orphan drug incentive(s) in Canada. That being said, it is unclear how 'orphan drug' should be defined and, accordingly, how incentives should be allocated. Three pharmaceutical industry incentives are then evaluated in order to identify how the needs of patients with rare diseases can be addressed. Market exclusivity has effectively encouraged investment in orphan drugs and therefore it is recommended that the incentive be implemented in Canada. Priority review voucher programs are still in their infancy, making it difficult to draw strong conclusions about these programs. Introducing a voucher program in Canada is nevertheless not recommended because priority review in Canada is unlikely to be sufficiently valuable. An orphan drug-specific tax credit offers a convenient means of subsidizing orphan drug development without being overly costly, given the narrow parameters within which the credit would operate. Therefore, a Canadian orphan drug tax credit is also recommended.

The extraordinary increase int he international movement of goods, services, capital, people, and technology of the last few decades, mirrored by a decrease in transportation and communication cots hardly conceivable when the modern multilateral overseers of international commerce, finance, and development were designed at Bretton Woods, have dramatically changed not only the nature of international trade disputes, but also the way governments approach and understand trade disputes.

Project files are comprised of 1 page pdf and presentation recording in mp4 format. ; Human rights violations are often evident when considering many organizations have ulterior motives when aiding citizens of Latin American countries; moreover, organizations such as mission trips unintentionally feed into the white savior complex. This concept states that white people perform acts in order to aide non-white citizens, despite being self-serving towards the white person. Our research methods include to aid with information on things such as Impure Altruism, and mission drift when pertaining to organizations such as nonprofits. We have also used concepts presented in International Issues 101, specifically around media portrayal, human rights, and human capacity. This is a contested topic, resulting in a serious divide in society between races in which white people claim that those who bring light to the topic of the white savior complex, particularly people of color, are committing reverse racism. There are several ways in which Americans learn the ways of the white savior complex, those include: volunteering abroad, the ways in which the government covers foreign policy, the education of world history in classroom settings, and the way Hollywood portrays eastern countries. In conclusion, this all leads to the process of dehumanization and larger global issues of relation and empathy.

The threat of epidemics and pandemics has increased as our world has become more interconnected. Recent epidemics have highlighted the need for increased investment in preparedness and the critical role of the private sector in health system strengthening and preparedness. Our manuscript seeks to bring attention to and promote public–private collaboration in global health preparedness by discussing areas on which public and private organizations can focus their efforts to improve partnerships. It does this by expanding on themes discussed at a conference on public–private partnerships in pandemic preparedness, Ready Together. We hope that this article will encourage effective partnerships.

IntroductionIn planning for the introduction of vaginal microbicides and other new antiretroviral (ARV)‐based prevention products for women, an in‐depth understanding of potential end‐users will be critically important to inform strategies to optimize uptake and long‐term adherence. User‐centred private sector companies have contributed to the successful launch of many different types of products, employing methods drawn from behavioural and social sciences to shape product designs, marketing messages and communication channels. Examples of how the private sector has adapted and applied these techniques to make decisions around product messaging and targeting may be instructive for adaptation to microbicide introduction.DiscussionIn preparing to introduce a product, user‐centred private sector companies employ diverse methods to understand the target population and their lifestyles, values and motivations. ReD Associates' observational research on user behaviours in the packaged food and diabetes fields illustrates how 'tag along' or 'shadowing' techniques can identify sources of non‐adherence. Another open‐ended method is self‐documentation, and IDEO's mammography research utilized this to uncover user motivations that extended beyond health. Mapping the user journey is a quantitative approach for outlining critical decision‐making stages, and Monitor Inclusive Markets applied this framework to identify toilet design opportunities for the rural poor. Through an iterative process, these various techniques can generate hypotheses on user drop‐off points, quantify where drop‐off is highest and prioritize areas of further research to uncover usage barriers. Although research constraints exist, these types of user‐centred techniques have helped create effective messaging, product positioning and packaging of health products as well as family planning information. These methods can be applied to microbicide acceptability testing outside of clinical trials to design microbicide marketing that enhances product usage.ConclusionsThe introduction of microbicide products presents an ideal opportunity to draw on the insights from user‐centred private sector companies' approaches, which can complement other methods that have been more commonly utilized in microbicide research to date. As microbicides move from clinical trials to real‐world implementation, there will be more opportunities to combine a variety of approaches to understand end‐users, which can lead to a more effective product launch and ultimately greater impact on preventing HIV infections.

Background The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the two most leading contributors to the global burden of disease due to malaria. This paper describes the malaria testing and treatment market in the nation's capital province of Kinshasa, including availability of malaria testing and treatment and relative anti-malarial market share for the public and private sector. Methods A malaria medicine outlet survey was conducted in Kinshasa province in 2013. Stratified multi-staged sampling was used to select areas for the survey. Within sampled areas, all outlets with the potential to sell or distribute anti-malarials in the public and private sector were screened for eligibility. Among outlets with anti-malarials or malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) in stock, a full audit of all available products was conducted. Information collected included product information (e.g. active ingredients, brand name), amount reportedly distributed to patients in the past week, and retail price. Results In total, 3364 outlets were screened for inclusion across Kinshasa and 1118 outlets were eligible for the study. Among all screened outlets in the private sector only about one in ten (12.1%) were stocking quality-assured Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) medicines. Among all screened public sector facilities, 24.5% had both confirmatory testing and quality-assured ACT available, and 20.2% had sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) available for intermittent preventive therapy during pregnancy (IPTp). The private sector distributed the majority of anti-malarials in Kinshasa (96.7%), typically through drug stores (89.1% of the total anti-malarial market). Non-artemisinin therapies were the most commonly distributed anti-malarial (50.1% of the total market), followed by non quality-assured ACT medicines (38.5%). The median price of an adult quality-assured ACT was $6.59, and more expensive than non quality-assured ACT ($3.71) and SP ($0.44). Confirmatory testing was largely not available in the private sector (1.1%). Conclusions While the vast majority of anti-malarial medicines distributed to patients in Kinshasa province are sold within the private sector, availability of malaria testing and appropriate treatment for malaria is alarmingly low. There is a critical need to improve access to confirmatory testing and quality-assured ACT in the private sector. Widespread availability and distribution of non quality-assured ACT and non-artemisinin therapies must be addressed to ensure effective malaria case management.