Suchergebnisse

"David Harrison reflects on the role of tourism in development and its conflict with culture, tradition and the need for sustainability. The book deliberates David's research from the past 30 years, which looks at the impacts of tourism on societies emerging from Western colonialism and societies previously part of the Soviet system"

1. Living In Truth -- 2. After The Fall -- 3. The Medium Is (Still) The Message -- 4. What Do You Expect? -- 5. Possibilities, Probabilities and Propensities -- 6. The Best And The Brightest -- 7. Bretton Woods Revisited -- 8. Selling England By The Pound -- 9. Tomorrow Without Fear -- 10. Out Of Darkness.

The paper briefly outlines the history of development theory and then reviews its current state. It is suggested that capitalism and international tourism are with us for the foreseeable future, and that as international tourism is a cross-border activity consistently linking individuals and institutions across 'developing' and 'developed' countries, such a distinction is of no value in conceptualising tourism, which should be seen as operating in an international and systemic way. A global model of tourism political economy is suggested, which incorporates internaiional, intra-regional and domestic tourism.

The terms "marginalization," "inclusion," and "exclusion" are expressions of beliefs about the proper relations between groups in society. These terms are official components of European Union social policy. The terms not only raise issues, but they also provide opportunities for the development of social work if they are used mindfully. The preferred developmental role is that of "partner" with the excluded in efforts to gain social justice in relation to society's economic and social wealth. Examples of developmental social work are presented illustratively, and the challenges of partnership with both the included and the excluded are discussed. Lithuanians have been extremely successful in the last fifteen years in becoming full members of Europe and the world community of nations. One of the costs of this stunningly rapid transition is that often there has been little time for social workers to analyze and critique many of the European and American policies, ideas, and ways of working that have been adopted. It appears that distinctively Lithuanian versions of social work and social policy have not developed very fully. Many ideas have not yet been examined critically. Examples would include "empowerment" and "social support," among the imported ideas, and "asocial family" from the Lithuanian. Now Lithuanian social workers are working in a very international, primarily European environment, and they are using the conceptual scheme of inclusion and exclusion routinely. Like other countries, Lithuanians and others who were dominated by the Soviet Union have some specific problems concerning inclusion and exclusion, and in fact a recent issue of the journal Problems of Post-Communism (2004) focused on this scheme or model. But how critically has the conceptual scheme of inclusion and exclusion been examined in Lithuania? It seems that the prominence of this scheme is well correlated with the acceptance of European ideas about social policy. But what does this model mean, and what are its benefits and limitations? ; Sąvokos "marginalumas", "aprėptis", "atskirtis" reiškia įvairių grupių visuomenėje santykį. Šios sąvokos vartojamos ir Europos Sąjungos socialinėje politikoje. Jos ne tik kelia probleminius klausimus, bet ir suteikia naujų socialinio darbo plėtros galimybių. Tradiciškai socialinis darbas suprantamas kaip darbas su tais, kurie patyrė atskirtį. Toks požiūris dar labiau "atskiria" nei jungia. Kritiškai įvertinus socialiniame darbe vartojamas sąvokas "atskirtis" ir "aprėptis", pereinama prie kitokios socialinio darbo sampratos, kurioje pageidautinas socialinio darbuotojo vaidmuo turėtų būti jungti ir tuos, kurie patyrė atskirtį ir aprėptį. Lietuva per pastaruosius penkiolika mėty sėkmingai įsiliejo į Europos ir pasaulio bendruomenes. Vienas iš šio staigaus perėjimo trūkumu yra tas, kad socialiniai darbuotojai neturėjo pakankamai laiko kritiškai išanalizuoti Europos ir Amerikos socialinės politikos, socialinio darbo praktikos metodų, koncepciniu idėjų. Daugelis sąvokų, pavyzdžiui, "įgalinimas", "socialinė pagalba", "asociali šeima", nėra kritiškai apsvarstytos ir įvertintos. Socialiniai darbuotojai Lietuvoje nuolat naudoja koncepcines aprėpties ir atskirties schemas. Jie dirba su "asmeniu aplinkoje" arba "su asmeniu kaip socialinės sistemos dalimi", todėl socialinis darbuotojas visada yra ant įsivaizduojamos ribos tarp tų, kurie patyrė atskirtį, ir tu, kurie patyrė aprėptį. Tokiu atveju socialinis darbas reikšmingas ir vieniems, ir kitiems, ne tik tiems, kurie patyrė atskirtį. Žmonių požiūris į tai, kas yra aprėptis ir atskirtis, glaudžiai siejasi su požiūriu į visuomenę apskritai ir į socialinį darbą. "Socialiai atskirtieji" dažniausiai siejami su neturtingaisiais, nors atskirtį patyrę asmenys nebūtinai tokie yra. Taip sąvokos tampa stereotipais. Socialinio darbuotojo profesinė atsakomybė yra vartoti sąvokas palankiausiai savo klientų atžvilgiu, todėl socialinis darbas neturėtu apsiriboti tik darbu, padedant patyrusiesiems atskirtį. Jis tūrėtų apimti ir patyrusiuosius aprėptį arba esančiuosius ant ribos tarp šių dviejų grupių. Socialinis darbas, veikdamas iš abiejų perspektyvų, tampa aprėpiančiu (inclusive). Straipsnyje pateikiami pavyzdžiai iliustruoja tokio pobūdžio socialinį darbą.