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Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum.), Vol. 68(1), 2023, pp. 147-152

Abstract Background Nurse managers have the burden of experiencing frequent ethical issues related to both their managerial and nursing care duties, according to previous international studies. However, no such study was published in Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to explore nurse managers' experience with ethical issues in six government hospitals in Malaysia including learning about the way they dealt with the issues. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in August-September, 2010 involving 417 (69.2%) of total 603 nurse managers in the six Malaysian government hospitals. Data were collected using three-part self-administered questionnaire. Part I was regarding participants' demographics. Part II was about the frequency and areas of management where ethical issues were experienced, and scoring of the importance of 11 pre-identified ethical issues. Part III asked how they dealt with ethical issues in general; ways to deal with the 11 pre-identified ethical issues, and perceived stress level. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and Pearson's Chi-square. Results A total of 397 (95.2%) participants experienced ethical issues and 47.2% experienced them on weekly to daily basis. Experiencing ethical issues were not associated with areas of practice. Top area of management where ethical issues were encountered was "staff management", but "patient care" related ethical issues were rated as most important. Majority would "discuss with other nurses" in dealing generally with the issues. For pre-identified ethical issues regarding "patient care", "discuss with doctors" was preferred. Only 18.1% referred issues to "ethics committees" and 53.0% to the code of ethics. Conclusions Nurse managers, regardless of their areas of practice, frequently experienced ethical issues. For dealing with these, team-approach needs to be emphasized. Proper understanding of the code of ethics is needed to provide basis for reasoning.

Coastal Zone is an area where ocean, land, and environment interact with one another; therefore, it is lively and varied in nature. The coastal zones in Bangladesh is being frequently attacked by cyclones, storm surge, sea level rise, which have affected terribly this low lying coastal zone. The multifaceted coastal zone prerequisites all-inclusive integrated approaches to manage. This study aims to identify the background of the socio-economic problems of the people of coastal zone particularly in the eastern belt. It also discusses the various problems along the coastal areas, and the rationality of coastal governance and management for sustainable development, framework for solving the coastal issues in the eastern zone, climate change and environmental impacts, and policy recommendations for coastal development and management so as to adapt climate change vulnerability (Ahmad, 2019). However, no socio-economic development policy has been taken so far for the coastal people who are the extreme victims of the climate change, natural calamities, typhoons and torpedoes. This study has been done on the basis of both primary and secondary sources of data. The authors of this research have exchanged views with the people living in the eastern coastal belt of Bangladesh to know about the socio-economic condition. ; La zona costera es un área donde el océano, la tierra y el medio ambiente interactúan entre sí; por lo tanto, es de naturaleza viva y variada. Las zonas costeras de Bangladesh están siendo atacadas con frecuencia por ciclones, marejadas ciclónicas, aumento del nivel del mar, que han afectado terriblemente a esta zona costera baja. La zona costera multifacética requiere enfoques integrados de gestión que incluyan todo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los antecedentes de los problemas socioeconómicos de la gente de la zona costera, particularmente en el cinturón oriental. También se analizan los diversos problemas a lo largo de las áreas costeras, y la racionalidad de la gobernanza y gestión costeras para el desarrollo sostenible, el marco para resolver los problemas costeros en la zona oriental, el cambio climático y los impactos ambientales, y recomendaciones de políticas para el desarrollo y la gestión costera de manera que para adaptar la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático (Ahmad, 2019). Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se ha adoptado ninguna política de desarrollo socioeconómico para la población costera, que son las víctimas extremas del cambio climático, las calamidades naturales, los tifones y los torpedos. Este estudio se ha realizado sobre la base de fuentes de datos tanto primarias como secundarias. Los autores de esta investigación han intercambiado puntos de vista con las personas que viven en el cinturón costero oriental de Bangladesh para conocer la situación socioeconómica. ; A Zona Costeira é uma área onde oceano, terra e meio ambiente interagem entre si; portanto, é de natureza viva e variada. As zonas costeiras de Bangladesh estão sendo freqüentemente atacadas por ciclones, tempestades e elevação do nível do mar, que afetaram terrivelmente esta zona costeira de baixa altitude. Os pré-requisitos multifacetados da zona costeira exigem abordagens integradas com tudo incluído para gerir. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os antecedentes da problemática socioeconómica da população da zona costeira em particular na faixa oriental. Ele também discute os vários problemas ao longo das áreas costeiras, e a racionalidade da governança e gestão costeira para o desenvolvimento sustentável, estrutura para resolver as questões costeiras na zona oriental, mudanças climáticas e impactos ambientais, e recomendações de políticas para o desenvolvimento e gestão costeira, de modo a para adaptar a vulnerabilidade às mudanças climáticas (Ahmad, 2019). No entanto, nenhuma política de desenvolvimento socioeconômico foi adotada até agora para as populações costeiras, vítimas extremas das mudanças climáticas, calamidades naturais, tufões e torpedos. Este estudo foi feito com base em fontes primárias e secundárias de dados. Os autores desta pesquisa trocaram opiniões com as pessoas que vivem na faixa costeira oriental de Bangladesh para saber sobre a condição socioeconômica.

IntroductionInadequate knowledge, negative attitudes and risky practices are major hindrances to preventing the spread of HIV. This study aimed to assess HIV‐related knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of high school students in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR).MethodsA cross‐sectional study on unmarried male students aged between 16 and 19 years old was undertaken in 2010 to evaluate their KAPs. We selected 300 eligible grade VII students through systematic random sampling from different high schools in one province of Lao PDR.ResultsThe majority of students surveyed were aware that HIV can be transmitted by sexual intercourse (97.7%), from mother to child (88.3%) and through sharing needles or syringes (92.0%). Misconceptions about transmission of HIV were observed among 59.3% to 74.3% of respondents. Positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS were observed among 55.7% of respondents. Nearly half of the surveyed students (45.3%) said that they would be willing to continue studying in a school with HIV‐positive friends, and 124 (41.3%) said they would continue attending a school with HIV‐positive teachers. Ninety‐four (31.3%) students had a history of sexual intercourse, and 70.2% of these students had used a condom. However, only 43.9% said they used condoms consistently. Students with medium and high levels of knowledge were 4.3 (95% CI=2.1–9.0, P<0.001) and 13.3 (95% CI=6.5–27.4, P<0.001) times more likely to display positive attitudes towards people living with HIV. Similarly, safe practices related to safe sex were also observed among students with medium (OR=2.8, 95% CI=0.9–8.8, P=0.069) and high levels of knowledge (OR=1.9, 95% CI=0.6–6.2, P=0.284). More than three‐quarters of students mentioned television and radio as major sources of information on HIV/AIDS.ConclusionsDespite adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the school students, misconceptions about routes of transmission were found. Negative attitudes to HIV/AIDS and risky practices were also present. Educational programmes with specific interventions are recommended to increase KAPs and to prevent new HIV infections among students in Lao PDR.